Uncovering the Ultralearners
On the surface, projects such as Benny Lewis’s linguistic adventures, Roger
Craig’s trivia mastery, and Eric Barone’s game development odyssey are
quite different. However, they represent instances of a more general
phenomenon I call
ultralearning
.
*
As I dug deeper, I found more stories.
Although they differed in the specifics of what had been learned and why,
they shared a common thread of pursuing extreme, self-directed learning
projects and employed similar tactics to complete them successfully.
Steve Pavlina is an ultralearner. By optimizing his university schedule, he
took a triple course load and completed a computer science degree in three
semesters. Pavlina’s challenge long predated my own experiment with MIT
courses and was one of the first inspirations that showed me compressing
learning time might be possible. Done without the benefit of free online
classes, however, Pavlina attended California State University, Northridge,
and graduated with actual degrees in computer science and mathematics.
8
Diana Jaunzeikare embarked on an ultralearning project to replicate a PhD
in computational linguistics.
9
Benchmarking Carnegie Mellon University’s
doctoral program, she wanted to not only take classes but also conduct
original research. Her project had started because going back to academia to
get a real doctorate would have meant leaving the job she loved at Google.
Like many other ultralearners before her, Jaunzeikare’s project was an
attempt to fill a gap in education when formal alternatives didn’t fit with her
lifestyle.
Facilitated by online communities, many ultralearners operate
anonymously, their efforts observable only by unverifiable forum postings.
One such poster at Chinese-forums.com, who goes only by the username
Tamu, extensively documented his process of studying Chinese from scratch.
Devoting “70–80+ hours each week” over four months, he challenged
himself to pass the HSK 5, China’s second highest Mandarin proficiency
exam.
10
Other ultralearners shed the conventional structures of exams and degrees
altogether. Trent Fowler, starting in early 2016, embarked on a yearlong
effort to become proficient in engineering and mathematics.
11
He titled it the
STEMpunk Project, a play on the STEM fields of science, technology,
engineering, and mathematics he wanted to cover and the retrofuturistic
steampunk aesthetic. Fowler split his project into modules. Each module
covered a particular topic, including computation, robotics, artificial
intelligence, and engineering, but was driven by hands-on projects instead of
copying formal classes.
Every ultralearner I encountered was unique. Some, like Tamu, preferred
punishing, full-time schedules to meet harsh, self-imposed deadlines. Others,
like Jaunzeikare, managed their projects on the side while maintaining full-
time jobs and work obligations. Some aimed at the recognizable benchmarks
of standardized exams, formal curricula, and winning competitions. Others
designed projects that defied comparison. Some specialized, focusing
exclusively on languages or programming. Others desired to be true
polymaths, picking up a highly varied set of skills.
Despite their idiosyncrasies, the ultralearners had a lot of shared traits.
They usually worked alone, often toiling for months and years without much
more than a blog entry to announce their efforts. Their interests tended
toward obsession. They were aggressive about optimizing their strategies,
fiercely debating the merits of esoteric concepts such as interleaving practice,
leech thresholds, or keyword mnemonics. Above all, they cared about
learning. Their motivation to learn pushed them to tackle intense projects,
even if it often came at the sacrifice of credentials or conformity.
The ultralearners I met were often unaware of one another. In writing this
book, I wanted to bring together the common principles I observed in their
unique projects and in my own. I wanted to strip away all the superficial
differences and strange idiosyncrasies and see what learning advice remains.
I also wanted to generalize from their extreme examples something an
ordinary student or professional can find useful. Even if you’re not ready to
tackle something as extreme as the projects I’ve described, there are still
places where you can adjust your approach based on the experience of
ultralearners and backed by the research from cognitive science.
Although the ultralearners are an extreme group of people, this approach to
things holds potential for normal professionals and students. What if you
could create a project to quickly learn the skills to transition to a new role,
project, or even profession? What if you could master an important skill for
your work, as Eric Barone did? What if you could be knowledgeable about a
wide variety of topics, like Roger Craig? What if you could learn a new
language, simulate a university degree program, or become good at
something that seems impossible to you right now?
Ultralearning isn’t easy. It’s hard and frustrating and requires stretching
outside the limits of where you feel comfortable. However, the things you
can accomplish make it worth the effort. Let’s spend a moment trying to see
what exactly ultralearning is and how it differs from the most common
approaches to learning and education. Then we can examine what the
principles are that underlie all learning, to see how ultralearners exploit them
to learn faster.
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