To master's dissertation work of Egamberdi Karimov student of 2

Measuring the potential impacts of major events on the visitor economy.

The hosting of major events, therefore, represents a unique opportunity to rethink or reposition a destination and to support the development of modern infrastructure. As such many countries now view the successful hosting of such events as a vehicle for economic growth (including tourism), job creation, branding, well-being, urban regeneration and regional/local development. As with all forms of special-interest travel, the potential impacts of event tourism (whether positive and negative) must be considered from both a supply and demand perspective. From a consumer perspective it’s necessary to understand who travels for events and why, and also who attends events while traveling. It’s also important to know what ‘event tourists’ do and spend during and after events. Included in any demand-side approach is an assessment of the value of events in promoting a positive destination image, place marketing in general, and co-branding with destinations. On the supply side, destinations develop, facilitate and promote events of all kinds to meet multiple goals: to attract tourists (including to reduce seasonality); to serve as a catalyst for urban renewal and to increase the infrastructure and tourism capacity of destinations; to foster a positive destination image and contribute to general place marketing (including contributions to fostering a better place in which to live, work and invest), and to animate specific attractions or areas (Getz, 2008). Regional attractiveness and competitiveness are directly linked. Countries and regions increasingly have to compete to attract residents, visitors and inward investment. What different destinations have to offer depends not just on economic factors, e.g. standards of living or accessibility, but also on intangible factors such as the general quality of life of its residents. In analysing attractiveness, many studies have borrowed from the work of Porter (1990) on competitiveness, which identifies six main drivers of competitiveness: factor conditions, demand conditions, related and supporting industries, and firm strategy, structure, and rivalry. For tourism, the factor conditions have traditionally been most important for destination attractiveness, both in terms of natural ‘factors’ (natural resources such as beaches, climate, etc.) and created ‘factors’ (such as cultural attractions, events, etc.). But increasingly, destinations, in order to compete, are taking steps to restructure the industry, and develop innovative products and marketing approaches. As such events clearly have a role to play in enhancing the attractiveness and competitiveness of destinations by adding to the mix of attractions, but equally this highlights that events can only enhance destination attractiveness with the support of quality event-specific and supporting infrastructure, and effective marketing and promotion. Based on an analysis of experiences in over 30 cities and nations, the OECD (2008) identified a set of potential benefits from hosting major events, with the benefits or returns varying in size and duration depending on the type (including one-off versus regular), scale and infrastructure requirements associated with hosting individual events, and how much energy and capital is invested to secure a long-term legacy.
The potential benefits of hosting major events from the perspective of the visitor economy include:
1. Structural expansion of the visitor economy Visitors coming to a city or region for an event will contribute to a more buoyant economy, with visitor expenditure having a multiplier effect on incomes throughout related supply chains.
2. Alignment of tourism with other strategies The requirements of hosting a major event can be used to, promote an integrated whole-ofgovernment approach, and maximise synergies between relevant development and growth strategies e.g. tourism with culture and transport. For example transport links and other infrastructures constructed for events are one of the most visible lasting legacies for a host city/region and can have real impacts for tourism growth.
3. Marketing and promotion Pre-event branding associated with the successful hosting of a major event, can provide lasting recognition of destination branding in key tourism markets, encourage return visitation of attendees/participants, and a better understanding of the focus of the event (sport, arts and culture, food and wine, etc.)
4. Environmental impacts The international focus often associated with major events can help to prioritise work on an often under-developed or neglected built environment and therefore the attractiveness and competitiveness of destinations. In addition, ensuring that events are managed in an environmentally friendly manner is also becoming a high priority in terms of branding.