This print for content only-size & color not accurate 7" X 9-1/4" / casebound / malloy

' A VB "Module" is a class that contains only

' static members.

Module Program

Sub Main()

Dim c As New Calc

Dim ans As Integer = c.Add(10, 84)

Console.WriteLine("10 + 84 is {0}.", ans)

Console.ReadLine()

End Sub

End Module

Class Calc

Public Function Add(ByVal x As Integer, ByVal y As Integer) As Integer

Return x + y

End Function

End Class

End Namespace

If you examine the CIL for the Add() method, you find similar instructions (slightly tweaked by

the VB .NET compiler, vbc.exe):

.method public instance int32  Add(int32 x,

int32 y) cil managed

{

// Code size       8 (0x8)

.maxstack  2

.locals init (int32 V_0)

IL_0000:  ldarg.1

IL_0001:  ldarg.2

IL_0002:  add.ovf

IL_0003:  stloc.0

IL_0004:  br.s       IL_0006

IL_0006:  ldloc.0

IL_0007:  ret

} // end of method Calc::Add

■

Source Code

The 

Calc.cs

and 

Calc.vb

code files are included under the Chapter 1 subdirectory.

C H A P T E R   1  

■

T H E   P H I L O S O P H Y   O F   . N E T

14

8849CH01.qxd  10/1/07  10:30 AM  Page 14

---

Benefits of CIL

At this point, you might be wondering exactly what is gained by compiling source code into CIL

rather than directly to a specific instruction set. One benefit is language integration. As you have

already seen, each .NET-aware compiler produces nearly identical CIL instructions. Therefore, all

languages are able to interact within a well-defined binary arena.

Furthermore, given that CIL is platform-agnostic, the .NET Framework itself is platform-

agnostic, providing the same benefits Java developers have grown accustomed to (i.e., a single code

base running on numerous operating systems). In fact, there is an international standard for the

C# language, and a large subset of the .NET platform and implementations already exist for many

non-Windows operating systems (more details in the section “The Platform-Independent Nature

of .NET” toward the end of this chapter). In contrast to Java, however, .NET allows you to build

applications using your language of choice.

Compiling CIL to Platform-Specific Instructions

Due to the fact that assemblies contain CIL instructions, rather than platform-specific instructions,

CIL code must be compiled on the fly before use. The entity that compiles CIL code into meaningful

CPU instructions is termed a 

just-in-time (JIT) compiler, which sometimes goes by the friendly

name of 

Jitter. The .NET runtime environment leverages a JIT compiler for each CPU targeting the

runtime, each optimized for the underlying platform.

For example, if you are building a .NET application that is to be deployed to a handheld device

(such as a Pocket PC), the corresponding Jitter is well equipped to run within a low-memory envi-

ronment. On the other hand, if you are deploying your assembly to a back-end server (where

memory is seldom an issue), the Jitter will be optimized to function in a high-memory environ-

ment. In this way, developers can write a single body of code that can be efficiently JIT-compiled

and executed on machines with different architectures.

Furthermore, as a given Jitter compiles CIL instructions into corresponding machine code, it

will cache the results in memory in a manner suited to the target operating system. In this way, if a

call is made to a method named PrintDocument(), the CIL instructions are compiled into platform-

specific instructions on the first invocation and retained in memory for later use. Therefore, the

next time PrintDocument() is called, there is no need to recompile the CIL.