Theoretical Grammar The subject-matter of theoretical grammar. Its relation to practical grammar

Homonyms. Hyponymy. Hyponymy is a semantic relation of inclusion. (vehicle: taxi, car, tram) The hyponymic rel-ions may be viewed as a hierarchical rel-ions btw the m-ng of the general & the indiv terms. The gen term is sometimes referred to classifier\hyporonym & serves to describe the lex-gr groups. The ind ref to as hyponyms, they entail the m-ng to the gen term in add to their indiv m-ngs, which disting them from each other. Types: nouns – mironymy, verbs – lex entailment: temporal (study>graduate)& traponymy (to do smth in a certain manner link>walk), backward opposition (aim: hit\miss) & casual relations. Problems: 1. diff cl-ons (person); 2. diff lang. Homonyms are words which is identical in sound and spelling or at least in one of these aspects, but different in their meanings: e.g. bank (a shore) – bank (an institution). English vocabulary is rich in such pairs. If synonyms and antonyms can be regarded as treasure of l-ge’s expressive resources, homonyms may lead to confusion or misunderstanding. But this characteristic makes them one of most important sources of humor. Homonyms which are same in sound and spelling are termed homonyms proper. Homophones are homonyms which are same in sound but different in spelling: e.g. bean (боб) - been (3 to be) Homographs are words which are the same in spelling, but different in sound: e.g. lead ([li:d] управлять) – lead ([led] cвинец)
Classification of homonyms: According to Professor Smirnizkii they are subdivided into full homonyms and partial homonyms. Full lexical homonyms are words which represent same category of speech: e.g. match (матч) – match (спичка). Partial homonyms are subdivided into 3 subgroups: 1) Simple lexico-gram. partial homonyms are words which belong to same category of part of speech and have one identical form: e.g. lay (infinitive) – lay (Past Indefinite of the verb to lie). 2) Complex lexico-gram. partial homonyms are words of different categories of parts of speech which have one identical form. e.g. rose (роза) – rose (Past Indefinite of the verb to rise). 3) Partial lexical homonyms are words of the same category of part of speech which are identical only in their corresponding forms: e.g. to can (консервировать) – can (modal verb).