Value Networks and the
Impetus to Innovate
From the earliest studies of the problems of innovation, scholars, consultants, and managers have tried
to explain why leading firms frequently stumble when confronting technology change. Most
explanations either zero in on managerial, organizational, and cultural responses to technological
change or focus on the ability of established firms to deal with radically new technology; doing the
latter requires a very different set of skills from those that an established firm historically has
developed. Both approaches, useful in explaining why some companies stumble in the face of
technological change, are summarized below. The primary purpose of this chapter, however, is to
propose a third theory of why good companies can fail, based upon the concept of a value network. The
value network concept seems to have much greater power than the other two theories in explaining
what we observed in the disk drive industry.
ORGANIZATIONAL AND MANAGERIAL EXPLANATIONS OF FAILURE
One explanation for why good companies fail points to organizational impediments as the source of the
problem. While many analyses of this type stop with such simple rationales as bureaucracy,
complacency, or “risk-averse” culture, some remarkably insightful studies exist in this tradition.
Henderson and Clark,
1
for example, conclude that companies’ organizational structures typically
facilitate component-level innovations, because most product development organizations consist of
subgroups that correspond to a product’s components. Such systems work very well as long as the
product’s fundamental architecture does not require change. But, say the authors, when architectural
technology change is required, this type of structure impedes innovations that require people and
groups to communicate and work together in new ways.
This notion has considerable face validity. In one incident recounted in Tracy Kidder’s Pulitzer Prize-
winning narrative, The Soul of a New Machine, Data General engineers developing a next-generation
minicomputer intended to leapfrog the product position of Digital Equipment Corporation were
allowed by a friend of one team member into his facility in the middle of the night to examine Digital’s
latest computer, which his company had just bought. When Tom West, Data General’s project leader
and a former long-time Digital employee, removed the cover of the DEC minicomputer and examined
its structure, he saw “Digital’s organization chart in the design of the product.”
2
Because an organization’s structure and how its groups work together may have been established to
facilitate the design of its dominant product, the direction of causality may ultimately reverse itself:
The organization’s structure and the way its groups learn to work together can then affect the way it
can and cannot design new products.
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