The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate ad 661-750

Aspects of this history of the Umayyad period
Turning now to the substance of Umayyad history, in addition to the
volume, cited above, on 
Problems in the Literary Source Material,
two further volumes resulting from the 
LAEI
 workshops have been
published: G.R.D.King and Averil Cameron (eds.), 
The Byzantine
and Early Islamic Near East. Land and Settlement Patterns
(Princeton: Darwin Press, Inc. 1994), contains papers from the
second (1991) workshop; Averil Cameron (ed.), 
The Byzantine and
Early Islamic Near East. States, Resources and Armies
 (Princeton:
Darwin Press, Inc. 1995), has those from the third (1992). Naturally,
most of the detailed and specialized papers included in these
volumes have some relevance to Umayyad history, but special
mention must be made of Hugh Kennedy’s ‘The Financing of the
Military in the Early Islamic State’ in the 
Resources and Armies
volume. Kennedy’s book, 
The Prophet and the Age of the
Caliphates,
 London: Longman 1986, also presents an analytical

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Bibliographical Postscript to the Second Edition  
135
account of the Umayyad caliphate in the context of a survey of the
history of the Islamic Middle East from the sixth to the eleventh
century.
The following studies of the reigns of individual Umayyad
caliphs have been published since the appearance of the first edition
of 
First Dynasty:
 Reinhard Eisener, 
Zwischen Faktum und Fiktion:
eine Studie
 
zum Umayyadenkalifen Sulaiman b. ?bdalmalik und
seinem Bild in den Quellen
 (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz 1987); ?ale?
K.?amarneh, ‘Marwan b. al-?akam and the Caliphate’ (
Der Islam
 65
(1988), 200– 225); and Khalid Yahya Blankinship, 
The End of the
Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham b. ?bd al-Malik and the Collapse
of the Umayyads
 (Albany: State University of New York Press,
1994). In addition, the relevant articles on caliphs, governors and
other prominent individuals and groups in the second edition of the
Encyclopaedia of Islam,
 publication of which has continued and
which is now nearing completion, should be consulted.
The issue of how the Umayyads themselves understood the
caliphal office and the effect which that had on the development of
the image of the Umayyads in Muslim tradition is briefly considered
at pp. 12– 13 above. That question is now discussed more fully in a
work which suggests that we need to visualize the origins and early
history of the caliphate in a way very different from that of the
traditional Muslim accounts: Patricia Crone and Martin Hinds,
God’s Caliph. Religious Authority in the First Centuries of Islam
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986). In that work Crone
and Hinds emphasize the relatively late emergence of the Sunni
understanding of the caliphate and argue that the Umayyads and
their supporters understood the caliph to be God’s deputy on earth
with authority not substantially different from that accorded by
Shi’ite Muslims to their Imams. (Incidentally, the historical articles
published by Martin Hinds are now conveniently gathered together
in Jere Bacharach 
et al.
 (eds.), 
Studies in Early Islamic History,
volume 4 of the 
LAEI
 studies series (Princeton: The Darwin Press,
Inc. 1996).)
The question of the orientation of early mosques, raised not only
by some archaeological work but also by some Muslim and non-
Muslim literary texts, is related to the problems of the status of
Jerusalem in Islam, its relationship to Mecca, and the reasons for the
building of the Dome of the Rock (see pp. 60–61). Studies on
Jerusalem and the Dome of the Rock have been especially
numerous. The bibliography of