The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate ad 661-750

EI2
. For a concise analysis of the
way in which the state was run in the Sufyanid period see P.Crone, 
Slaves on
Horses,
 29–33.
4. Articles ‘Amir’ and “Amil’ in 
EI2;
 J.Wellhausen, 
Arab kingdom,
passim
.
5. Article ‘Sharif’ in 
EI1;
 P.Crone, 
Slaves on Horses,
 31–2.
6. I.Goldziher, 
Muslim Studies,
 i, 87 ff.; L.Massignon, ‘Explication du
plan de Kufa’, 
Melanges Maspero,
 Cairo 1934–40; 
idem,
 ‘Explication du
plan de Basra’, 
Westöstliche Abhandlungen R.Tschudi,
 ed. F.Meier,
Wiesbaden 1954; C.Pellat, 
Le milieu basrien et la formation de Gahiz;
F.McGraw Donner, 
The early Islamic conquests,
 226–50; M.Morony, 
Iraq
after the Muslim conquest,
 236–53.
7. M.Morony, 
Iraq after the Muslim conquest,
 167–235, 265–74;
D.C.Dennett, 
Conversion and the poll tax in early Islam, passim,
 for the
agreements made from region to region at the time of the conquests;
M.A.Cook and P.Crone, 
Hagarism,
 83–106.
8. On Egypt under the Umayyads: H.I.Bell, ‘The administration of
Egypt under the Umayyad Khalifs’, 
BZ,
 28 (1928); H.Lammens, ‘Un
gouverneur omayyade d’Egypte, Qorra ibn 
S
arik’, 
Etudes sur le siècle des
Omayyades
. On Syria: P.K.Hitti, 
History of Syria;
 K.Salibi, 
Syria under
Islam
. On Iraq: M.Morony, 
Iraq after the Muslim conquest
. On Khurasan:
J.Wellhausen, 
Arab kingdom,
 397 ff.;’ M. A.Shaban, ‘Khurasan at the time
of the Arab conquest’ in 
Iran and Islam,
 ed. C.E. Bosworth, 479–90. For an
attempt to rank the provinces in order of economic importance, Gernot
Rotter, 
Die Umayyaden und der zweite Bürgerkrieg,
 60 ff.
9. In addition to the specific references given below, reference should be
made to the indices and bibliographies of more general books on the

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The Sufyanids 
45
Umayyad period and Islam, in particular: M.A.Shaban, 
New interpretation,
M.G.Hodgson, 
The venture of Islam,
 P.Crone, 
Slaves on horses,
 M.Morony,
Iraq after the Muslim conquest,
 and vol iv of 
The Cambridge history of Iran
.
10. Article ‘al-Mughira b. Shu‘ba’ in 
EI1;
 J.Wellhausen, 
Arab kingdom,
114–18; H.Lammens, 
Mu‘âwia 1er, passim,
 and 
Le siècle des Omayyades,
28–41.
11. Article ‘Ziyad b. Abihi’ in 
EI1;
 J.Wellhausen, 
Arab kingdom,
 119–
30; H. Lammens, ‘Ziad b. Abihi, vice-roi de l’Iraq, lieutenant de Mo‘âwia
I’, 
Le siècle des Omayyades;
 K.Fariq, ‘A remarkable early Muslim
governor, Ziyad ibn Abih’, 
IC,
 26 (1952); 
idem, Ziyad b. Abih,
 London
1966; article ‘Hudjr b. ‘Adi’ in 
EI2;
 J. Wellhausen, 
The religio-political
factions,
 95–103; W.M.Watt, ‘Shi‘ism under the Umayyads’, 
JRAS
 (1960);
S.M.Jafri, 
Origins and early development of Shi‘a Islam,
 159–66;
M.Morony, 
Iraq after the Muslim conquest,
 486–7.
12. J.Wellhausen, 
Arab kingdom,
 131–45; H.Lammens, 
Mo‘âwia 1er;
 I.
Goldziher, ‘Mu‘awija I, der Begründer des Islamstaates’, in his