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Assessing investments
The investment estimates discussed in this section
are based on bottom-up technology modelling of
the cement sector, including full plant capital costs
for industrial process equipment installed during
the time horizon of the vision to 2050. They do
not consider any costs related to capacity already
existing in the base year or incurred installation
costs over the time horizon. Thus, no additional
costs are allocated to energy savings from
improved operation and maintenance practices.
Also, site-specific potentials to reduce energy
consumption or CO
2
emissions without a process
change or major integration revamp are not
captured in the discussed investment costs due to
their dependency on local conditions.
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5. Policy, finance and international collaboration: Actions and milestones
The cost impact of activities outside the plant
fence is not included. There may be costs related
to alternative fuel collection or handling, or
transport and storage of CO
2
. Costs related to
auxiliary equipment such as air separation units or
ORCs, which may be required when implementing
new units/processes, are not included in capital
investment of carbon capture equipment.
Additional commodities needed to operate some
of the innovative technologies, such as oxygen,
are considered in the least-cost optimisation as
increased variable operating costs from importing
such commodities.
Costs associated with switching to fuels that are less
carbon intensive and reducing the clinker to cement
ratio are related to the additional storage capacity
on site required to handle additional solid fuels and
cement constituents.
Lastly, investment costs related to R&D and pilot
testing of novel technologies that are commercially
deployed after 2030 are not included in these
estimates.
International collaboration
International collaboration is essential to supporting
the vision of this Technology Roadmap. The
IEA works closely with the principal existing
international initiatives that accelerate development
and deployment of low-carbon technologies for
the global cement industry. The CSI provides a
framework for international co-operation among
global cement companies to identify actions
and accelerate progress towards sustainable
development. The UNFCCC plays a specific role in
putting in place the right processes for international
co-operation and in setting the global reference
frame. This ensures progressive deployment of the
required level playing field to avoid asymmetric
environmental policy strategies across different
regions, which could lead to cement production
shifting towards countries with less-restrictive
carbon mitigation industrial policies.
Stakeholders should strengthen international
co-operation, for example through the UNFCCC
process, to gather reliable industry-level
energy and emissions data, to support policy
development, to track performance and to identify
regional and national best practice benchmarks,
for example through the CSI Getting the Numbers
Right database.
The IEA Technology Collaboration Programmes
provide a framework for stakeholders from both
the public and private sectors to share knowledge
and to pool resources to provide integrated,
cost-effective solutions to common challenges.
The IEA programme on Industrial Energy-Related
Technologies and Systems provides an international
research platform to accelerate research and
technology development on industrial technologies
and systems. The IEA programme on Greenhouse
Gas R&D is an international collaborative research
platform, including governmental and private
actors, that evaluates technologies that can
reduce greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels,
including carbon capture.
The seven innovation challenges identified by
Mission Innovation offer opportunities for enhanced
collaborative efforts. The challenge on Carbon
Capture aims to enable near-zero CO
2
emissions
from power plants and carbon-intensive industries
including cement production. The challenge on
Clean Energy Materials aims to accelerate the
exploration of new high-performance and low-
cost structural materials within a broader range of
material applications.
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