1
............ less, they behaved less
2
............ . Students
in a California elementary school participated in the study, which lasted
3
............. By the end of the study, the children's
behavior had changed. For example, the children's
4
............ reported that the children were acting less violently than before.
During the study, the children kept a record of the
5
............ they watched TV. Then, for ten days, they
6
............. Near the
end of the study, the students began to suggest watching
7
............ .
List of words:
parents
teacher
six months
violently
watched TV scared
less TV
eighteen day
classmates Nonviolent programs time of day number of hours avoided TV favorite program
[
IEL TS Reading {Activity
38)
Summary com�letion
I
IJll,,
Oxbridge
Although more than 100 km separates the English cities of Oxford and Cambridge, their universities are
linked by the term 'Oxbridge'. It is a name that can be applied to either university or to both.
Traditionally, a degree at Oxbridge symbolized the pinnacle of academic achievement. Cities like
Birmingham, Liverpool, Bristol and Manchester had their own universities, but these were not as
esteemed as Oxbridge and received the derogatory title of 'Red brick 'universities. In recent times, the
name Oxbridge has also become a derogatory term. Some people believe that Oxbridge is part of a social
class system that favours the privileged few, born into wealth or high social status, at the expense of the
less well-off, socially disadvantaged, though equally talented students. Whilst Oxford and Cambridge
encourage applications from candidates living in deprived areas, only 1 in 100 of the poorest university
students in England received an Oxbridge education in 2010, far lower than the percentage of poorer
students at the 'Red brick' universities.
Inequalities in our society do not begin and end with Oxbridge. The best state schools are usually found
in the most affluent areas. Injustices can arise when parents move house to secure a child's place at a
more desirable school and in doing so they force another child into an under-performing school. Other,
better-off parents, though not necessarily wealthy; will pay for their children to be educated at a private
school to avoid having to move home. Either way, the desire to furnish one's children with the best
possible education outweighs any sense of social justice. Unless remedies can be found for the disparity
in educational standards in the pre-university years, it is unrealistic to believe that Oxbridge contributes
in any substantial way to a lack of social mobility. A place at Oxbridge should be seen as an opportunity
for sel
f-
·
i
mprovement and learning at the highest standards whatever one's social background.
Complete the summary using the list of words A to K below.
The best schools tend to be found in the most 1.. ................. areas. This leads to a lack of
2
................... in the state school
system. For example, some parents will move closer to a better-performing state school, or failing this, pay for their children
to be educated 3 ................... Children from poorer families can lose out, but the desire for one's children to do well at school is
more
4
................... than any sense of social justice.
A deprived
B valuable
C quality
D fairness
E applicants
F advantaged
G important
H privately
I prosperous
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