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Table com letion
.,... Eating up the Titanic:
In 1985, seventy-three years after it had sunk on its maiden voyage from Southampton to New York,
the
Titanic
was discovered lying 3,800 metres below the surface of the sea. The first images the world
saw of the wreck showed the metal hull or body of the ship, draped in what look like strange underwater
icicles. These structures are called 'rusticles' from rust (the reddish brown substance that forms on iron
when it is in contact with water) and
icicle.
A decade later, microbial ecologist Roy Cullimore was called on to investigate biological activity on the
Titanic
after the salvage company recovering objects from the wreck noticed it seemed to be
deteriorating. By carefully guiding the robotic claws of the French submarine
Nautile,
Cullimore was able
to collect some rusticles to bring back to his laboratory for analysis. Gathering them was a tricky business
- rustic
l
es are brittle and have a tendency to snap in the fast water flow created by the propellers of the
submarine. A second expedition brought up more rusticles when a large section of hull was lifted from the
sea bed. The largest of these, measuring 45 centimetres long, now hangs on Cullimore's office wall.
Each rusticle is made up of communities of bacteria, fungi and other microbes that have joined forces
to build a sort of rusting tower block to sustain them and protect them from the outside world. The outer
walls have a layered appearance, much like the annular growth rings in trees. Inside, each rusticle seems
to contain at least five distinct communities of bacteria, or 'consorms', that live in harmony, with each
type of consorm performing a specific task. They are mostly clustered around water channels that run
through the structure. There are also fungal growths towards the outside of the structure where the
channels meet the surface. Along with the microbes, rusticles contain up to 35 per cent iron compounds
in the form of ribbons that permeate the entire structure, in much the same way that nerves or blood
vessels do in an animal. Chemically, these compounds are dominated by various ferric oxides, hydroxides
and carbonates.
Complete the table below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text for each answer.
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