Praise belongs to Allah, the Lord of the Worlds, and peace and blessings be upon our master Muhammad


His private studies and experiences



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Imam Abu Hanifa

His private studies and experiences
 
 
A person’s private life, circumstances and affairs, and his undirected studies in which he does not rely on a 
teacher, and other experiences have an effect on his knowledge and direction and the honing of his intellect or 
its weakness. This was, of course, also the case with Abu Hanifa. 
As we said, he was from a wealthy merchant family and continued to be involved in commerce throughout 
his life. Therefore he knew first-hand about market transactions and commercial customs. His market 
experience enabled him to discuss commercial transactions, rules of behaviour and the judgements pertaining 
to them with familiarity and understanding. Thus custom had a place in his legal deduction when there was no 
elucidating example from the Book or 
Sunna,
as we will explain, Allah willing.
It may be these experiences which made him prefer deduction through 
istihsan,
when analogy resulted in 
something contrary to benefit, natural justice or custom. His student, ash-Shaybani, said, “Abu Hanifa debated 
with his companions about analogies and they appealed and argued with him until he said, ‘I have used 
istihsan
.’ whereupon none of them said anything because of the great amount of 
istihsan
he used in solving 
problems. They all submitted to it.” 
Abu Hanifa travelled a lot and went on 
hajj
many times. His 
hajj
did not keep him from studying, 
discussing, transmitting and giving 
fatwa
. In Makka when he first met ‘Ata’ ibn Abi Rabah, ‘Ata’ asked him, 


“Who are you?” “One of the people of Kufa,” he replied. He said, “From the people of a city who have 
divided their 
deen
into parties?” “Yes,” he replied. ‘Ata’ inquired, “From which are you?” He replied, “From 
those who do not curse the 
Salaf 
or hold Qadarite views and do not consider a person an unbeliever on 
account of a wrong action.” ‘Ata’ said, “You are correct, so stay.” He also went to Malik and discussed 
fiqh
with him, and he met al-Awza‘i and had discussions with him. That is how he acted when he travelled. He 
would present his 
fatwas
and listen to criticism of them and analyse them to see where they were weak. 
He was an observant man and, from the time of his youth, was fond of debate and argument in the quest of 
knowledge. He used to go to Basra, the home of Islamic sects, and debate with their leaders and argue with 
them about their views. It is reported that he debated with twenty-two sects, arguing in defence of Islam. It is 
related that once he debated with the Dahrites [materialist atheists] and in order to call their attention to the 
necessity of a Creator of the universe, he asked them, “What do you say about someone who tells you, ‘I saw 
a laden ship full of goods and cargo which it bore across the deep seas through crashing waves and veering 
winds, travelling straight through them without any sailor to direct and guide it or helmsman to move it’? 
Would that be logically possible?” “No,” they said, “this is not logically possible and cannot be imagined.” 
Abu Hanifa said, “Glory be to Allah! If the existence of a ship on an even keel without a mariner or helmsman 
is not conceivable, how can it be possible for this world with all its different circumstances, changing matters 
and actions, and vast expanse to be without a Maker, Preserver and Originator?” 
His arguments on dogma refined his thought and honed his perception. His thought was further refined by 
the debates he had about 
fiqh
in every place he travelled – Makka, Madina and all the areas of the Hijaz where 
there were debates about 
fiqh.
He learned 
hadiths
which he did not know before, aspects of analogy which 
perhaps he had not thought of, and the 
fatwas
of the Companions. 
Abu Hanifa’s method in teaching was like that of his studying; it was not simply giving lessons to students. 
So a question would be presented and he would give it to his students and argue with them about its ruling. 
Each would give his opinions and mention the analogies relevant to it, as Muhammad ash-Shaybani reports, 
and dispute his 
ijtihad
. They might shout at one another until there was a veritable uproar, as was mentioned 
by Mis‘ar ibn Kidam. After they had examined the matter from all sides, he would indicate the opinion arrived 
at by this study and its distillation and all would affirm it and be pleased with it. Studying in this fashion 
instructs both the teacher and student. Its benefit for the teacher does not lessen its benefit for the student. Abu 
Hanifa continued to teach like this which made him a seeker of knowledge until he died. His knowledge was 
continually growing and his thinking ever moving. 
When a 
hadith
was presented to him, he would point out the chief judgements which it contained and 
elucidate them. Then he would ramify the questions which concurred with the principles involved. That is 
what he considered 
fiqh 
to be. He said, “The like of the one who seeks 
hadith
and does not learn 
fiqh
is like 
the apothecary who has the tools but does not know what medicine to prepare. So the seeker of 
hadith
does 
not know the value of his 
hadith
until the 
faqih
comes.” 
To summarise, he debated with his students and cared for them in three separate ways. Firstly, he 
supported them with his wealth, helping them in their difficulties such as when someone needed to marry but 
did not have the necessary funds. He would send money to each student according to his need. Sharik said 
about him, “He was wealthy as well as having knowledge and spent his wealth on himself and his dependants. 
When he taught, he stated, ‘I have achieved the greatest wealth by knowing the lawful and unlawful.’” 
Secondly, he paid attention to his students and carefully observed them. When he found an aptitude for 
knowledge mixed with delusion in one of them, he removed the delusion from him by tests which showed him 
that he was still in need of more knowledge which others had. 
It is related that Abu Yusuf, his student and companion, felt that he should have his own place to teach. 
Abu Hanifa told one of those with him, “Go to the assembly of Ya‘qub (Abu Yusuf) and ask him, ‘What do 
you do about the case of a man who gives a fuller a garment to bleach for two dirhams and then asks for his 
garment back and the fuller says he has no knowledge of it? Then he returns again and asks for it and is given 
it bleached. Is the fuller paid?’ If he says he is, tell him, he is wrong. If he says he is not, tell him he is 
wrong.” The man went to him and asked him and he said, “Yes, he has a wage.” He said, “You are wrong.” 
He waited a time and then said “No, he does not.” He said, “You are wrong.” He went immediately to Abu 
Hanifa and said, “The question of the fuller must have come from you, so tell me about it.” He replied, “If the 
bleaching took place after the misappropriation, he has no wage because he did it for himself. If it was before 
that he has the wage because he bleached it for its owner.” 


Thirdly, he always had good words for his students, especially for those of them who were about to leave 
or embark on something important. He used to say to them, “You are the joy of my heart and the removal of 
my sorrow.” 



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