O’zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy va O’rta Maxsus Ta’lim Vazirligi Samarqand Davlat Chet tillar Instituti Roman-German tillari fakulteti Ismoilova Ma’mura Mikromatnda o’rin holi va uning deyktik hodisalarini qiyosiy sintaksem tadqiqi

2.7. Lokativ tarz semaning ifodalanishi

Lokativ tarz sema yuqorida aniqlangan semalardan nafaqat nokategorial sintaktik-semantik belgilari bilan farq qiladi, balki kategorial differentsial sintaktik-semantik belgilar ham farq qilishi mumkin.

Substansial lokativ tarz semadan farqi tarz sema kvalifikativ sema

doirasida jarayonning sifatini ham ifodalaydi quyidagi gaplarni qiyoslaymiz:

• 
  He returned from London to Liverpool (JKJ, 12).
  
• 
  Shouting horsemen are galloping from group to group (JKJ, 108).
  

Birinchi gapda from London va to Liverpool birikmalari ablativ va

allativ lokativ semalarni ifodalab, ular from predlogi bilan adverbial elementlar here/there birliklarini erkin almashtirish transformatsiyasiga tushirish mumkin:

2. 
   He returned from London to Liverpool —► He returned from there.
   

Ammo ikkinchi gap esa from group to group elementlarini from

predlogi va adverbial elementlar bilan almashtirib bo’lmaydi:

2. 
   Shouting horsemen are galloping from group to group. Shouting horsemen are galloping from there. Bu gapning bunday transformatsiyaga tushmasligidan ma’lumki bu birikmalarda ablativ semaning ifodalanmaganligidan dalolat beradi. Ammo from group to group birikmasi adverbial element there bilan predlogsiz almashtirish mumkin. Shu bilan birga ushbu birikma lokativlikni ifodalashi ma’lum bo’ladi: Shouting horsemen are galloping from group to group —► Shouting horsemen are galloping there.
   

Yuqorida tahlil qilingan gaplarni boshqa turdagi eksperiment, ya’ni tushirib qoldirish transformatsiyasiga qo’yganimizda ham ular bir biridan farqlanishini ko’rish mumkin. Birinchi gapda from London to Liverpool birikmasidan ikkinchi qismini to Liverpool tushirib qoldirish mumkin: He returned from London to Liverpool —> He returned from London ....

Lekin ikkinchi gap bunday birikmalardan ikkinchi qismini tushirib qoldirish mumkin emas:

2. Shouting horsemen are galloping from group to group --- Shouting horsemen are galloping from group ....

Bu eksperimentning natijasiga ko’ra from group to group birikmasi ajralmaydigan sintaktik birlik hisoblanadi va bir differensial

sintaktik-semantik belgini anglatadi. From group to group lokativ tarz semani ifodalaydi. Lokativ tarz semani ushbu gapda isbotlashning yana bir usuli, ushbu sintaktik birlikka How? yoki in what way? So’rog’ini qo’yish bilan ham aniqlash mumkin.

• 
  Shouting horsemen are galloping from group to group —► How are ... horsemen galloping? —► In what way are horsemen galloping.
  

Mana shunday eksperiment transformatsiya usulini quyidagi gaplarda ham qo’llash mumkin:

• 
  The people go to and fro (WSM, 107).
  
• 
  Arthur's gaze travelled slowly from table to table (WSM, 192).
  
• 
  He slid and sneaked from tree to tree (JKJ, 129).
  
• 
  John ran from seat to seat (STA, 112).
  

Gaplarda to and fro (3), from table to table (4), from tree to tree (5), from seat to seat (6) sintaktik birliklar ham ajralmas bir element hisoblanib, ular lokativ tarz semani ifodalaydi. Ulardagi lokativlikni aniqlashda, predlogli birikmalarni tushirib qoldirib, o’rniga adverbial element there ni qo’yish mumkin:

• 
  The people go to and fro —» The people go there.
  
• 
  Arthur's gaze travelled slowly from table to table —> Arthur's gaze travelled there.
  
• 
  He slid and sneaked from tree to tree —> He slid and sneaked there.
  
• 
  John ran from seat to seat —> John ran there.
  

Galdagi vazifa ushbu birikmalar yordamida tarz semani ifodalashini transformatsiya interrogatsiya (How? In what way?) usuli bilan aniqlash va isbotlash mumkin:

• 
  The people go to and fro —► How do people go? —> In what way do the people go?
  
• 
  Arthur's gaze travelled slowly from table to table —■> How did Arthur's gaze travell? In what way did Arthur's gaze travell?
  

2. 
   He slid and sneaked from tree to tree —> How did he slid and sneak? —> In what way did he slid and sneak?
   
• 
  John ran from seat to seat —► How did John run? —»In what way did John run? Shuni qayd qilish joizki, tarz semani ifodalovchi sintaktik
  

birliklar faqat lokativlik asosida beriladi degan gap emas. U temporallik, kvantitavlik, aksionallik va boshqa semalar bazasida ham namoyon bo’ladi. Ushbu ishimiz asosan lokativlik sema haqida bo’lganligi tufayli tarz semani bir variant bilan cheklanamiz. Tarz semani alohida monografik usulda maxsus tadqiq qilish ob’ekt bo’lishi mumkin.

Hozirgi o’zbek adabiy tili grammatikasining mualliflari A. Yulomov, M.Asqarovalar holni "ikkinchi darajali bo’lak harakatning bajarilishidagi turli holatlarni bildiradi, harakat belgini harakterlaydi: harakatning bajarilishi, holatning yuzaga kelishi, shu bilan bog’langan shart, sabab, maqsad, payt, o’rin, miqdor-daraja" ta’kidlab tarz holini alohida ajratmaydi [26, 116-120]. Tarz holi zamirida lokativlik sintaksema haqda gapirmasak ham bo’ladi.

O’zbek tili misolida qaralganda lokativ tarz semani lokativ allativ va lokativ ablativ semalarga qarama-qarshi qo’yish usuli orqali aniqlash mumkin.

1.Olimquli lashkarboshi Qo’qondan Chimkentga lashkar tortib ketibdi (TMO,

2. 
   Papirosini labi u burchidan bu burchi surib qaradi (TMO, 209). Mazkur gaplarning birinchisida Qo’qondan-lokativ ablativ,
   

Chimkentga-lokativ allativ semalarni ifodalaydi. Chunki bu gapdagi Qo’qondan - "u yerdan" adverbial element bilan, Chimkentga - "u yerga" adverbial elementlari bilan almashtirish transformatsiyasiga tushadi:

(1) Olimquli lashkarboshi Qo’qondan Chimkentga lashkar tortib ketibdi —> Olimquli lashkarboshi u yerdan Chimkentga lashkar tortib ketibdi. Olimquli lashkarboshi Qo’qondan u yerga lashkar tortib ketibdi.

Undan tashqari Qo’qondan - lokativ ablativ semaga qayerdan?

Chimkentga - lokativ allativ semaga qayerga? so’roqlarni qo’yish transformatsiyasi orqali ham isbotlash mumkin.

1. 
   Olimquli lashkarboshi Qo’kondan Chimkentga lashkar tortib ketibdi —> Olimkuli lashkarboshi qayerdan Chimkentga lashkar tortib ketibdi? —> Olimquli lashkarboshi Qo’qondan qayerga lashkar tortib ketibdi?
   

Ikkinchi gapda esa labi u burchidan bu burchi sintaktik birikmalar birinchi gapdagidek transformatsiyaga tushmaydi:

Papirosini labi u burchidan bu burchi surib qaradi Papirosini labi u yeridan bu burchi surib qaradi Papirosini labi u burchidan bu yerga surib qaradi. Yoki u burchidan - qayeridan?, bu burchi - qayeriga? kabi transformatsiya interrogatsiyaga tushmaydi: Papirosini labi u burchidan bu burchi surib qaradi? Papirosini labi qayeridan bu burchi surib qaradi? ► Papirosini labi u burchidan qayeriga surib qaradi?

Demak, ikkinchi gapda u burchidan bu burchi ajralmaydigan sintaktik birlik bo’lib, bu elementlar ablativni ham allativ semalarni ifodalamasdan balki lokativ tarz semani anglatadi. Buni isbotlash uchun bu gapni qanday qilib? qay tarzda? kabi so’roq olmoshlari yordamida transformatsiya interrogatsiyaga aylantirish mumkin.

(2).Papirosini labi u burchidan bu burchi surib qaradi —> Papirosini qanday qilib so’rib qaradi? —> Papirosini qay tarzda so’rib qaradi?

Lokativ tarz semaning ifodalanishi asosan o’zbek tilida otlarga chiqish va yo’nalish kelishigi qo’shimchalari yordamida berilib, lokativ semani ifodalash bilan birga ish-harakatining qanday bajarilishini ham ifodalaydi. O’zbek tili misolida tarz holining lokativlik bilan birga kelishi umuman o’rganilmagan. Lokativ tarz semaning ifodalanishi quyidagi misollarda ham yaqqol ko’zga tashlanadi:

2. 
   Oqposhsho u ko’rpachadan bu ko’rpachaga o’tib o’tirdi (TMO, 187).
   
3. 
   Qaldirgochlar u daraxtlardan bu daraxtlarga uchib o’tdi (SHOZ, 114).
   
4. 
   Bo’ri polvon u xonadan bu xonaga chopib kirdi (SHT, 96).
   

Ushbu misollar ham yuqorida qayd qilingan transformatsiya interrogatsiyaga tushishi bilan lokativ tarz semasi boshqa lokativ semalardan farq qiladi.