Māris kļaviņŠ, azamat azizov, JĀnis zaļoksnis environment, pollution, development: the case of uzbekistan



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environment-pollution-development-the-case-of-uzbekistan

 3.4. 
 River Syr Darya
Syr  Darya  with  a  length  of  3019 km  is  the  longest  river  in 
Central Asia, but it carries less water than the Amu Darya. Histo-
ri cally river has been called Jaxartes. The Syr Darya is formed by 
the  confluence  of  the  Naryn  and  Qoradaryo  rivers  in  the  eastern 
Fergana Valley and generally flows northwest until it empties into 
the Aral Sea.. Watershed of Syr Darya is not clearly defined except 
in  its  upper  course,  where  it  drains  a  basin  of  462 000 km
2
. Most 
of the Syr Darya’s tributaries in the Fergana Valley fail to reach it 
because they are used fully for irrigation. After leaving the Fergana 
Valley the river flows northwest, receiving the Ohangaron, Chirchiq, 
Keles, and Arys rivers on the right. In its middle and lower reaches 
it follows a meandering course through the eastern outskirts of the 
Kyzylkum Desert, frequently changing its bed, forming channels that 
often lose themselves in the sands, and overflowing its low banks at 
flood. It is fed in its upper mountainous basin mainly by snow and to 
a lesser extent by glaciers, and high water lasts from March or April 
to September. The Syr Darya carries a considerable amount of silt, 
much of which it deposits in the vicinity of Qazaly, Kazakhstan. The 
river freezes in its lower reaches from December to March.
There are a number of hydroelectric power stations on the Syr 
Darya and its tributaries, of which the largest are the Farhod (in 
Uzbekistan),  Qayroqqum  (Tajikistan),  and  Shardara  (Kazakhstan) 
stations on the main stream and, in Uzbekistan, the Chorwoq station 
on  the  Chirchiq  River  and  the  Uchqŭrghon  station  on  the  Naryn 
River. There are also dams in Kazakhstan at Qyzylorda and Qazaly. 
The Toktogul hydroelectric power station, which was constructed on 
the Naryn River in the 1970s and expanded in the ’80s, regulates the 
river’s flow. As much as 2 000 000 hectares) of land are irrigated by 
the Syr Darya and its tributaries, with cotton the chief crop in the 
Fergana Valley and the Syr Darya’s middle course and rice in the 
river’s lower reaches.


3. Water resources of Uzbekistan
 35
The diversion of water from the Syr Darya for irrigation 
contributed  to  the  shrinkage  of  the  Aral  Sea  in  the  latter  part  of 
the 20
th
 century. By the 1990s the flow of the Syr Darya along its 
lower reaches was much reduced during the whole year. The gradual 
retreat of the Aral Sea shoreline and the drying up of the Syr Darya’s 
deltaic region exposed toxic fertilizer and salt residues to the winds, 
devastating local plant and animal life and causing serious health 
problems among the human population
1
.
Historical legacies and the regional political context are of par-
ti cular relevance in the Syr Darya basin. Agriculture was initially 
made possible by the Soviet administration in the early 20
th
 century 
in  Central  Asia  through  the  development  of  intensive  irrigation 
systems to fuel larger-scale cotton cultivation. By the 1960s, the 
tradi tional belief in inexhaustible Central Asian water resources had 
dimi nished as river flows and ground water reserves were depleted 
and water and soil quality degraded. In order for the Soviet Union to 
become self-sufficient, priority for water allocation was given to the 
cotton production in the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR) and to 
rice production in the Kazakh SSR, with the Kyrgyz SSR designated 
as water supplier. Major investments were made in the construction 
of dams, reservoirs, irrigation canals and other structures to promote 
and  manage  the  transfer  of  water  from  its  source  in  the  Kyrgyz 
mountains to the main growing areas in the Uzbek and Kazakh SSRs. 
The administrative borders of the Central Asian Republics did not 

Оценка региональных рисков в Центральной Азии: реагирование на угро-
зы в области водной, энергетической и продовольственной безопасности. 
Программа развития ООН. Региональное бюро по странам Европы и СНГ. 
ЮНДП. Нью-Йорк. Январь 2009. www.undp.org/rbec

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