28
ENVIRONMENT, POLLUTION, DEVELOPMENT: THE CASE OF UZBEKISTAN
The territory of Uzbekistan is an inland basin of the Aral Sea, to
which all its rivers and lakes drain. Water resources include natural
surface and ground water
as well as recycled water. All countries in
Central Asia jointly use the surface water of the Aral Sea basin.
Water
reserves in the lakes of the mountainous area of the Amu Darya
River make up 46 km
3
, while reserves from the Syr Darya River total
4 km
3 1
. Excluding the Aral Sea, the total volume of water from the
plains is approximately 70 km
3
. The volume of ice in the glaciers
of the Gissar-Alay area is estimated at 88 km
3
, and the glaciers of
Pamir-Alay at 465 km
3
. River runoff
primarily
collects in the largest
of Central Asia’s rivers – the Amu Darya and Syr Darya, which
flow into the Aral Sea. The annual volume of river runoff to these
rivers is shown in Table 3.4.
Uzbekistan is subject to international
agreements allocating water use. Uzbekistan is entitled to an average
of 43-52 km
3
of water per year. In any given year,
water allocations
are calculated and adjusted subject to the agreed ratio.
Table 3.4.
Water Resources (km
3
/year) of the Rivers of the Aral Sea Basin
2
,3
River
River average
long-term volume of
runoff
Volume of runoff
corresponding to
5% cumulative
probability
Volume of runoff
corresponding to
95% cumulative
probability
Amu Darya
78.5
108.4
46.9
Syr Darya
37.9
54.1
21.4
Total number of different streams in Uzbekistan is 17 777 and
from them in basin of River Amu Darya are allocated 9930 and for
the basin of River Syr Darya are allocated 4926. In the Uzbekistan
are >500 lakes, but most of them
are small with an area less
than 1 km
2 4
. Lakes usually are located in the river valleys. In the
moun tain ous areas lakes are formed as a result of glacier melting,
especially when the discharge possibilities are limited. The number
of lakes in mountainous and plain areas is relatively similar (cor res-
pond ingly 56.5% and 43.5%). Mountainous lakes usually originate
from obstruction and glacier-moraine, while lakes located in the
plains form from drainage water.
1
Ирригация Узбекистана. Том I, Развитие ирригации в комплексе произво-
дительных сил Узбекистана. Ташкент, Из-во «Фан» 1975. – стр. 138-169.
2
Окружающая среда и безопасность в бассейне Амударьи. ЮНЕП, ПРООН,
ЕЭК ООН, ОБСЕ, РЭЦ, НАТО. 2011. – 11 с. www.unep.org.
3
Вода жизненно важный ресурс для будущего Узбекистана. Ташкент, ПРО-
ОН. 2007. – 128 с.; www.undp.uz.
4
Национальный доклад о состоянии окружающей среды и использова-
нии природных ресурсов в Республике Узбекистан (1988-2007). Гос ком-
природы. Ташкент, 2008. – 298 с.; www.econews.uz
3. Water
resources of Uzbekistan
29
Much like the Aral Sea basin, Uzbekistan on the whole features
an unequal distribution of water resources. The plains contribute
very little to river flows. In irrigated zones, these flows are mainly
from irrigation canals. But in the upper watershed, the zone of flow
formation, there is a well-developed river network. Six percent of
the river runoff directly formed on Uzbekistan’s territory emanate
from the Amu Darya River basin and 15% come from the Syr Darya
River basin. However, less than 10% of total runoff are formed
on Uzbekistan’s territory; the bulk
of water resources used in
Uzbekistan originate beyond its borders. The natural course of river
flow from the Amu Darya and Syr Darya Rivers is greatly distorted
by reservoirs, water withdrawal for irrigation, and the discharge
of drainage water. All of these break up their hydrodynamic and
hydrochemical regimes
.
2001 1997 1987 1977 1957
0.8%
5.0%
65.0%
84.4%
95.0%
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