Ministry of higher and secondary special education of the republic uzbekistan state world languages university

Sound interchange is one of the ways of non-productive word formation. And this characterizes only the English language. The causes of sound interchange can be different. It can be the result of Ancient Ablaut which cannot be explained by the phonetic laws during the period of the language development known to scholars, e.g. to strike - stroke, to sing - sang etc. It can be also the result of Ancient Umlaut or vowel mutation which is the result of palatalizing the root vowel because of the front vowel in the syllable coming after the root (regressive assimilation), e.g. hot - to heat (hotian), blood - to bleed (blodian) etc.
However, stress interchange is occurred in all compared languages: to af`fix -`affix, to con`flict-`conflict, to ex`port -`export, to ex`tract -`extract, `игры-игр`ы, п`оля- пол`я, `янги (adv.) - янг`и (adj.), ҳ`озир (adj.) - ҳоз`ир (adv.) .
Sound imitation is the way of word-building when a word is formed by imitating different sounds. And this type of forming words can be observed in all languages. There are some semantic groups of words formed by means of sound imitation:
a) sounds produced by human beings, such as: to whisper, to giggle, to mumble, to sneeze, to whistle etc; шептать, чихать, хихикать, бормотать; пичирламоқ, ғўнғирламоқ, минғирламоқ.
b) sounds produced by animals, birds, insects, such as: to hiss, to buzz, to bark, to moo, to twitter etc; лаять, мычать, щебетать, вовулламоқ, миёвламоқ, сайрамоқ.
c) sounds produced by nature and objects, such as: to splash, to rustle, to clatter, to bubble, to ding-dong, to tinkle etc; звякать, звенеть,греметь, тақилламоқ, шитирламоқ, тарақ-туруқ.
Blends are words formed from a word-group or two synonyms. In blends, two ways of word-building are combined: abbreviation and composition. Blends formed from two synonyms are: slanguange, to hustle, gasohol etc. Mostly blends are formed from a word-group, such as: acromania (acronym mania), cinemadict (cinema adict), chunnel (channel, canal), dramedy (drama comedy), detectifiction (detective fiction), faction (fact fiction) (fiction based on real facts), informecial (information commercial), Medicare (medical care), magalog (magazine catalogue), slimnastics (slimming gymnastics), sociolite (social elite), slanguist (slang linguist) etc.
As it is seen, this type of non-productive way of word formation characterizes mostly English, but Russian also can be observed with such kind of way of forming words. In this language it is called lexical-syntactic way of forming words e.g. сумасшедший (сумасшедший), тяжелораненый (тяжелораненный), четыреста (четыреста), наконец (наконец), сейчас (сейчас).