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Table 5.22: Table for ordered combined frequencies for role perception
Item
frequency
cumulative
frequency
Decision maker
23 23
Communicator
22 45
Innovator
22 67
Leader
22 89
Motivator
22 111
Nurturer
22 133
Visionary
22 155
Advisor
21 176
Conflict resolver
21 197
Coordinator
21 218
Delegator
21 239
Manager
21 260
Mentor
21 281
Negotiator
21 302
Advocator
20 322
Planner
19 341
Evaluator
18 359
Recruiter
18 377
Researcher
18 395
Teacher
18 413
Resource allocator
17 430
Entrepreneur
11 441
The results indicate that participants generally attribute more importance to their role as
‘communicator’, ‘decision maker’, ‘leader’, ‘nurturer’ and ‘visionary’ than they do to the
role of ‘entrepreneur’(with only 11 responses), ‘resource allocator’(17 responses),
‘teacher’, ‘researcher’, ‘recruiter’ and ‘evaluator’(18 responses). Participants seem to see
their role primarily as decision-maker rather than as entrepreneur. A
similar trend is
apparent in the MEANS analysis of the participants’ responses (Table 5.21), where,
among others, the roles of ‘communicator’, ‘leader’, ‘decision maker’, and ‘visionary’
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are regarded as relevant to the HoD position. The different analyses in this section all
indicate that participants in this study do not place the roles of ‘researcher’, ‘teacher’, and
‘entrepreneur’ high on their list of significant roles.
An interesting, though somewhat surprising finding, given today’s focus on running
departments as ‘business entities’, is that less than 50 per cent of the participants
considered the role of ‘entrepreneur’ as important. This is consistent with Seagren et al’s
(1994) findings. The participants in that study did not perceive the role of entrepreneur
as important. In the present study, a possible explanation for this finding is that it may be
a reflection of ‘resistance’ to being identified with business or industry-related
practices
regardless of the strong managerial and accountability requirements of today’s university
and the competitive and entrepreneurial pressures placed upon departments (Middlehurst
1993).
5.2.4.8 Leadership style/Leadership traits applicable to participants
The area of women’s leadership style is a topical one in research. A person’s style is
usually a very personal and distinctive feature of her/his personality and character.
Different styles may work equally well in different situations and there is often a proper
fit between the needs of an organisation and the required leadership style (Cronin 1993).
To reiterate, it is commonly considered that women’s leadership styles may be more
suited to today’s demands for ‘softer, more feminine’ qualities,
such as their ability to
nurture and develop individuals, a willingness to share information and power
(Middlehurst 1997; Bennett 1997) and be persuasive, influential and charismatic (see
2.3.2). In the
questionnaire, the participants were required to show the extent of their
agreement regarding the personal applicability of certain leadership traits.
The results are displayed in Tables 5.23, 5.24 and 5.25. A mean value close to one
implies a specific leadership style is regarded as applicable. A mean value close to five
implies a specific leadership style is not regarded as applicable.
Subjects seem to
evaluate leadership traits more diffusely in this section and this is illustrated by the
general frequency Table 5.23 and the chi-square test associated with the ordered and
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ranked frequencies. The distribution of responses on which the ranking is based is
statistically different (probability (chi-sq value = 102.49) <0.0001, which is highly
significant), indicating that participants view some traits as significantly different from
others. For instance, participants view traits such as ‘collaborative’, ‘consultative’,
‘engaged’, ‘empathetic’, ‘assertive’, ‘democratic’, and ‘task-oriented’
as significantly
different from ‘passive’, ‘autocratic’, ‘aloof’, ‘coercive’, ‘detached’, ‘centralised’,
‘authoritative’ and ‘other-oriented’. The MEANS Table (5.24) indicates that with the
exception of two traits, ‘other-oriented’(mean=2.6500) and decentralised’(mean=2.7273),
seven of the listed traits have a mean value close to one, implying that those traits are
applicable to the participants. Seven other traits have a mean value close to five, implying
that those traits are not applicable to the participants.
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