Lecture semantic classification of words



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Professionalisms are words used in narrow groups bound by the same occupation, such as lab for ‘laboratory’, hypo for ‘hypodermic syringe’, a buster for ‘a bomb’, etc.
Jargonisms are words marked by their use within a particular social group and bearing a secret and cryptic character, e.g. ‘a sucker’ — ‘a person who is easily deceived’.
Vulgarisms, i.e. coarse words that are not generally used in public, often called ‘informal vocabulary’, e.g. bloody, hell, damn, shut up, shit, etc.
Herewith we should mention euphemisms - an inoffensive word or phrase substituted for one considered offensive or hurtful, esp one concerned with religion, sex, death, or excreta. Examples of euphemisms are sleep with for have sexual intercourse with; departed for dead; relieve oneself for urinate.
Looking through the vocabulary with the aim to find newer lexical units, we can distinguish neologisms, which are newly coined words, developed from occasionalisms, ad hoc words or nonce-words (note, that ‘nonce’ has acquired a new pejorative meaning in prison slang ‘a rapist or child molester; a sexual offender’).

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