Lecture 1 First Consonant Shift (Grimm’s Law) ie g aspirated Voiced voiced stops stops bh > b


PERIODIZATION of the ENGLISH LANGUAGE HISTORY



Download 73 Kb.
bet3/5
Sana13.06.2022
Hajmi73 Kb.
#661898
1   2   3   4   5
Bog'liq
LECTURE 1-роздатковий

PERIODIZATION of the ENGLISH LANGUAGE HISTORY


OLD ENGLISH from 7th down to 1050 - the period of “full endings”
Transition Period from 1050 to 1150
MIDDLE ENGLISH from 1150 to 1500 – the period of “levelled endings”
EARLY MODERN ENGLISH from 1500 to 1660
MODERN ENGLISH from 1700 till the present – the period of “lost endings” (H.Sweet)


OLD ENGLISH VOWEL SYSTEM

Front short vowels: i, e, y, æ Back short vowels: a, o, u Short diphthongs: ea, eo, ie, io


Front long vowels: ī, ē, y, æ Back long vowels: ā, ō, ū, å Long diphthongs: ēa, ēo, īe, īo


FRONT MUTATION (i-umlaut)
a > e (*framian > fremman виконувати)
æ > e (*tælian > telan говорити)
ā > æ (*lārian > læran вчити)
o > e (*ofstian > efstan поспішати)
ō > ē (*dōmian > dēman припускати, думати)
u > y (*fullian > fyllan заповнювати)
ū > y (cūþian > cyþan повідомляти)


Diphthongs:
ea > ie (*hleahian > hliehhan сміятися)
ēa > īe (*hēarian > hīeran слухати)
eo > ie (*āfeorrian > āfierran знищувати, прибирати)
ēo > īe (*3etrēowi > 3etrīewe вірний)


BACK MUTATION (u-umlaut)
i > io (hira > hiora їхній, silufr > siolufr срібло)
e > eo (herot > heorot олень, hefon > heofon небеса)
a > ea (saru > searu лати)


BREAKING (FRACTURE)
e > ea before “r+cons.”, “l+cons.”, “h+cons.”, “h” in the final syllable (*ærm > earm, * æld > eald, * æhta > eahta)
e > eo before “r+cons.”, “h+cons.”, “lc, lh,”, “h” in the final syllable (*herte > heorte, *melcan > meolcan)


CONTRACTION of VOWEL GROUPS
1. “ah + vowel” > ēa (*slahan > slēan вбивати)
2. “eh + vowel”, “ih + vowel” > ēo (*sehan > sēon бачити *tihan > tēon звинувачувати)
3. “oh + vowel > ō (*fohan > fōn хапати)
4. ē and ō could absorb the following vowel (*sæē > sæ морю)

Influence of PALATALIZATION


OE front vowels could be diphthongized when preceded by palatal consonants 3, c, and other vowels – by cluster sc:
e > ie (*3efan > 3iefan давати)
æ > ea (*3æf > 3eaf дав)
æ > ēa ( *3æfon > 3ēafon дав)
a > ea (*scacan > sceacan трусити)
o > eo (*scort > sceort короткий)
.Vowel lengthening
In the 9th century short vowels were lengthened before the clusters nd, mb, ld, rd:
OE: bindan > bīndan (to bind)
climban > clīmban (to climb)
cild > cīld (child)
If nd, mb, ld, rd were followed by a third consonant the lengthening didn’t take place:
OE: cild > cīld (child), but cildru (children)


Changes in unstressed syllables
Unstressed long vowels were gradually shortened in all Germanic languages. In English this process began in early OE, when all long vowels became short and diphthongs were monophthongized in an unstressed position.


Changes of OE consonants
Old English script normally uses 16 consonant symbols which in modern editions are usually reproduced as b, c, d, f, g, h, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, w, þ, ð.

  1. voicing and unvoicing of fricatives

OE had no symbol v: thus symbol f was used to represent both /f/ and /v/. The reason is that in OE /f/ and /v/ were members of the same phoneme. When this phoneme occurred within a word (that is not initially or finally) before a voiced sound, and wasn’t doubled or in intervocal position, it was pronounced /v/. E.g. seofon “seven”. In all other positions it was pronounced as /f/.
There were two other such pairs in OE. There was a symbol s, but not a symbol z, and for similar reason /s/ and /z/ were members of the same phoneme and the rules for their distribution were exactly the same as for /f/ and /v/. So /s/ occurred in s, stānas, while /z/ occurred in nosu, bōsm.
The third pair is /ө/ and /. To represent these sounds scribes used runic symbols: the runic symbol þ, called “thorn”, and the symbol ð, called “eth”. They also didn’t use one of these symbols for the voiceless sound and the other – for the voiced one, but used them indiscriminately.
In all above cases, Old English had a single phoneme consisting of a pair of a voiced and voiceless allophones, where Modern English has two separate phonemes. The OE arrangement was not inherited from PG, but arose from prehistoric English by processes of assimilation.


  1. Download 73 Kb.

    Do'stlaringiz bilan baham:
1   2   3   4   5




Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©hozir.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling

kiriting | ro'yxatdan o'tish
    Bosh sahifa
юртда тантана
Боғда битган
Бугун юртда
Эшитганлар жилманглар
Эшитмадим деманглар
битган бодомлар
Yangiariq tumani
qitish marakazi
Raqamli texnologiyalar
ilishida muhokamadan
tasdiqqa tavsiya
tavsiya etilgan
iqtisodiyot kafedrasi
steiermarkischen landesregierung
asarlaringizni yuboring
o'zingizning asarlaringizni
Iltimos faqat
faqat o'zingizning
steierm rkischen
landesregierung fachabteilung
rkischen landesregierung
hamshira loyihasi
loyihasi mavsum
faolyatining oqibatlari
asosiy adabiyotlar
fakulteti ahborot
ahborot havfsizligi
havfsizligi kafedrasi
fanidan bo’yicha
fakulteti iqtisodiyot
boshqaruv fakulteti
chiqarishda boshqaruv
ishlab chiqarishda
iqtisodiyot fakultet
multiservis tarmoqlari
fanidan asosiy
Uzbek fanidan
mavzulari potok
asosidagi multiservis
'aliyyil a'ziym
billahil 'aliyyil
illaa billahil
quvvata illaa
falah' deganida
Kompyuter savodxonligi
bo’yicha mustaqil
'alal falah'
Hayya 'alal
'alas soloh
Hayya 'alas
mavsum boyicha


yuklab olish