Languages for intercultural communication and education


Learners as Ethnographers



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CorbettAnInterculturalApproachtoEnglishLanguageTeachingLanguagesforInterculturalCommunicationandEducation7

Learners as Ethnographers
As we observed in Chapter 1, intercultural learning involves an element
of ethnography, that is, the systematic observation and description of how
a community behaves. Again, it might be objected that learners are inter-
ested in becoming proficient in the target language, not in becoming pseudo-
anthropologists. The introduction of ethnography, defined broadly as ‘the
scientific study of different races and cultures’, into secondary school and
university foreign language learning is most closely associated in Britain
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Intercultural Approaches to ELT
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with the work of Michael Byram and his associates (e.g. Byram, 1993;
Byram, 1997b; Byram & Fleming, 1998; Byram & Morgan, 1994; Roberts
et
al
., 2001). Proponents of the ethnographic approach to language learning
acknowledge that it involves accepting a new set of purposes for language
learning and teaching. Effectively, it fundamentally reconfigures the long-
accepted goals of communicative language teaching by seeking:

an integration of linguistic and cultural learning to facilitate commu-
nication and interaction;

a comparison of others and self to stimulate reflection on and (critical)
questioning of the mainstream culture into which learners are social-
ised;

a shift in perspective involving psychological processes of socialisa-
tion;

the potential of language teaching to prepare learners to meet and
communicate in other cultures and societies than the specific one
usually associated with the language they are learning. (Byram &
Fleming, 1998: 7)
This framework for encouraging learning through ethnography itself is cul-
turally situated: it assumes learners will be part of the mainstream culture
and therefore require critical decentring from its normative assumptions.
However, given that ‘decentring’ should be sensitive to where the learners’
‘centre’ actually is, these precepts can serve as a general guide to curriculum
and task design.
The question of whether learners necessarily require a range of
ethnographic skills as a key part of their language learning experience is
not ultimately one which will be decided by this book or by any one learner
or teacher. The design and implementation of materials and methods
require consensus by a number of parties, which, in different contexts,
might include the materials designer, the teacher, the learner, the learner’s
family, the institution of learning, whether that is a private language school
or a state school. However, as Byram and his colleagues are showing, it is
possible to design and teach courses in which language learning is part of a
richer, cultural exploration of the target community, and its ‘whole way of
life’. Chapter 5 further discusses what is meant by the ethnographic
approach, and attempts to show how it might be implemented as much in
the commercial ELT sector as in the language classrooms of state secondary
schools, colleges and universities.

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