Cause of Allah: such are the sincere ones."
[Quran 49:14-15]
Apostasy had actually begun in the lifetime of the Prophet, and the first major action of
the apostasy was fought and satisfactorily concluded while the Prophet still lived. But the
real and most serious danger of apostasy arose after the Prophet's death, when a wild
wave of disbelief-after-belief moved across the length and breadth of Arabia and had to
be tackled by Abu Bakr. Hence the Campaign of the Apostasy is here taken up as a
whole, although chronologically the first of these events belongs to Part I of this history.
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The first major event of the apostasy occurred in the Yemen and is known as the Incident
of Aswad Al Ansi. Aswad was a chief of the Ans-a large tribe inhabiting the western part
of the Yemen. His actual name was Abhala bin Kab, but because of his very dark colour
he was called
Aswad
, i.e. the Black One. A man of many qualities, few of them enviable,
he was, before the apostasy, known mainly as a tribal chieftain and a soothsayer.
During the tenth year of the Hijra, the people of the southern and south-eastern regions of
the Arabian peninsula had been converted to Islam. The Prophet had sent envoys,
teachers and missions to various places to accomplish this task and the task had been duly
completed. But the majority of the inhabitants of these regions had not become true
Muslims, their conversion being more a matter of form than a sincere change of heart.
Before this conversion the Yemen was governed, on behalf of the Persian Emperor, by a
noble-born Persian named Bazan.
1
This man became a Muslim and was confirmed in his
appointment as governor of the Yemen by the Prophet. As he was a wise and virtuous
officer, the province prospered under his rules; but shortly before the last pilgrimage of
the Prophet, Bazan died, and the Prophet appointed Bazan's son, Shahr, as governor at
San'a. Peace continued to prevail in the Yemen, and no clouds darkened the southern
skies.
Then, at about the time of the Prophet's last pilgrimage, Aswad decided that he would
become a prophet. He gathered his tribe, recited some of his verses, claiming that they
were verses of the Quran revealed to him, and announced that he was a messenger of
Allah.
Aswad had a donkey which he had trained to obey certain commands, and he used this
donkey to demonstrate his powers. He would give the order,
"Bow before your lord"
, and
the donkey would bow its head before Aswad. He would then command,
"Kneel before
your lord!"
,
2
and the donkey would kneel. Because of this, Aswad became known in the
region as Dhul Himar-the One of the Donkey, or 'Donkey-Walah'. Some chroniclers,
however, maintain that he was known not as Dhul Himar, but as Dhul Khumar, i.e. the
Drunk.
3
This could be true because he was heavily addicted to alcohol and often in a
drunken stupor. Nevertheless, his tribe followed him, believing him to be a genuine
prophet; and in this error they were joined by some of the lesser tribes of the Yemen.
Aswad organised a column of 700 horsemen and rode to Najran. He captured the town
with no difficulty and drove out its Muslim administrator. Elated by this easy victory, he
left his own man to govern Najran and moved on San'a. (See Map 7) Shahr, the newly
appointed Muslim governor of the Yemen, heard of the fall of Najran, came to know of
the intentions of Aswad and decided to tackle Aswad before he could reach San'a.
Organising a small armed force (he did not have many warriors), he marched out to meet
his adversary, and the two forces met some distance north of San'a. The short, brisk
engagement that followed ended in Aswad's favour. The Muslims suffered a defeat and
Shahr was killed in battle, leaving behind a beautiful young widow named Azad. Five
days later Aswad entered Sana' as a conqueror. He had worked fast for his unholy
mission, for it was now only 25 days since he had first gathered his tribe and proclaimed
his prophethood.
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