4
Umar
exclaimed.
"May Allah have mercy upon Abu Bakr. He was a better judge of men than I
have been."
5
This was Umar's first admission that perhaps he had not judged Khalid
rightly.
1.
According to some reports, the pact was actually signed at Jabiya with representatives
of the Patriarch, and after signing the pact there, Umar travelled to Jerusalem and
received the surrender.
2.
Hazir still exists-a large farming village.
3.
Tabari: Vol. 3, p. 98.
4.
Literally: "Khalid has made himself commander", i.e., that the role comes naturally to
him.
5.
Tabari: Vol. 3, p. 98.
Page 4
At Qinassareen the part of the Roman garrison which had not accompanied Meenas to
Hazir shut itself up in the fort. As soon as Khalid arrived, he sent a message to the
garrison:
"If you were in the clouds, Allah would raise us to you or lower you to us for
battle."
1
Without further delay Qinassareen surrendered to Khalid. The Battle of Hazir
and the surrender of Qinassareen took place about June 637 (Jamadi-ul-Awwal, 16 Hijri).
2
Abu Ubaidah now joined Khalid at Qinassareen, and the army marched to Aleppo, where
a strong garrison under a Roman general named Joachim held the fort. This general,
following the same line of thought as the commander of Qinassareen, set out to meet the
Muslims in the open and clashed with the Mobile Guard 6 miles south of the city. A
bloody engagement took place here, in which the Romans were worsted; and Joachim;
now wiser, pulled back in haste and regained the safety of the fort.
Aleppo consisted of a large walled city and a smaller but virtually impregnable fort
outside the city atop a hill, a little more than a quarter of a mile across, surrounded by a
wide moat. The Muslims moved up and laid siege to the fort. Joachim was a very bold
commander and launched several sallies to break the siege, but received heavy
punishment every time. After a few days of this, the Romans decided to remain in the fort
and await such help as Heraclius might be able to send. Heraclius however, could send
none; and four months later, around October 637, the Romans surrendered on terms. The
soldiers of the garrison were allowed to depart in peace; but Joachim would not go. He
became a Muslim and elected to serve under the banner of Islam. In fact, over the next
few weeks, he proved a remarkably able and loyal officer, and fought gallantly under
various Muslim generals.
Once Aleppo was taken, Abu Ubaidah sent a column under Malik Ashtar to take Azaz on
the route to 'Rome'. The region which the Muslims called Rome included the area which
is now Southern Turkey east of the, Taurus Mountains. Malik, assisted by Joachim,
captured Azaz and signed a pact with the local inhabitants, whereafter he returned to
Aleppo. The capture and clearance of Azaz was essential to ensure that no large Roman
forces remained north of Aleppo, whence they could strike at the flank and rear of the
Muslims as the next major operation was launched. As soon as Malik rejoined the army,
Abu Ubaidah marched westwards to capture Antioch. (See Map 28 below)
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The army moved via Harim and approached Antioch from the east. Some 12 miles from
the city, at Mahruba, where a bridge of iron spanned the River Orontes (now known as
Nahur-ul-Asi), the Muslims came up against a powerful Roman army-the defenders of
Antioch. A major battle was fought here, the details of which are not recorded, and the
Romans were soundly thrashed by Abu Ubaidah, Khalid again playing a prominent role
with his Mobile Guard. With the exception, of Ajnadein and Yarmuk, the Roman
casualties here are believed to have been the highest in the Syrian Campaign, and the
remnants of the Roman army went fleeing in disorder to the city. The Muslims moved up
and laid siege to Antioch, but not many days had passed before the greatest city of Syria,
the capital of the Asian Zone of the Eastern Roman Empire, surrendered to the Muslims.
Abu Ubaidah entered Antioch on October 30, 637 (the 5th of Shawwal, 16 Hijri). The
defeated Roman soldiers were allowed to depart in peace.
1. Tabari: Vol. 3, p. 98.
2. Qinassareen lay in a South-South-Westerly direction from Aleppo, 20 miles by road
and about 18 as the crow flies. It was built on a low ridge which runs astride the present
Aleppo-Saraqib road, but most of it was on the Southern slope of the Eastern part of the
ridge,
i.e.
on the East side of the road. The ridge is now known as Al Laees, and this is
also the name of a small village which stands on that was probably the South-Eastern
corner of Qinassareen. The visitor to Qinassareen today imagines that he can see the ruins
of the city-ancient ruins such as one sees in many places in Syria. But on closer
examination he finds that they are not ruins but immense whitish rocks and caves shaped
by nature into semblance of ruins. Actually nothing remains of Qinassareen-not a stone,
not a brick.
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Page 5
Following the surrender of Antioch, Muslim columns moved south along the
Mediterranean coast and captured Latakia, Jabla and Tartus, thus clearing most of North-
Western Syria of the enemy. Abu Ubaidah next returned to Aleppo, and during this move
his columns subdued what remained of Northern Syria. Khalid took his Mobile Guard on
a raid eastwards up to the Euphrates in the vicinity of Munbij, but found little opposition.
In early January, 638, he rejoined Abu Ubaidah at Aleppo.
All of Syria was now in Muslim hands. Abu Ubaidah left Khalid as commander and
administrator at Qinassareen, and returned with the rest of his army to Emessa, where he
assumed his duties as governor of the province of Emessa, of which Qinassareen was
then part. From Qinassareen Khalid would keep watch over the northern marches.
By the end of 16 Hijri (corresponding roughly to 637 A.D.) all Syria and Palestine was in
Muslim hands, except for Caesarea which continued to hold out. The various Muslim
commanders settled down to their duties as governors of provinces: Amr bin Al Aas in
Palestine, Sharhabeel in Jordan, Yazeed in Damascus (but currently engaged at Caesarea)
and Abu Ubaidah in Emessa. Khalid had a lower appointment as administrator in
Qinassareen under Abu Ubaidah. This state of peace continued for a few months until the
mid-summer of 638, when clouds again darkened the sky over Northern Syria. This time
the Christian Arabs of the Jazeera took to the warpath.
Heraclius was no longer able to attempt a military comeback in Syria. In fact he was now
more worried about the rest of his Empire, which, after the destruction of his army at
Yarmuk and Antioch, was extremely vulnerable to Muslim invasion. He had few military
resources left with which to defend his domains against an army which marched from
victory to victory. To gain time for the preparation of his defences it was essential to keep
the Muslims occupied in Syria, and he did this by inciting the Arabs of the Jazeera to take
the offensive against the Muslims. Bound to him by ties of religion, they submitted to his
exhortations; and gathering in tens of thousands, began preparations to cross the
Euphrates and invade Northern Syria from the east.
Agents brought Abu Ubaidah information on the preparations being made in the Jazeera.
As the hostile Arabs began their move, Abu Ubaidah called a council of war to discuss
the situation. Khalid was all for moving out of the cities as one army and fighting the
Christian Arabs in the open, but the other generals favoured a defensive battle at Emessa.
Abu Ubaidah sided with the majority, and pulled in the Mobile Guard from Qinassareen
and other detachments from places which they had occupied in Northern Syria. He
concentrated his army as Emessa and at the same time informed Umar of the situation.
Umar had no doubt that Abu Ubaidah and Khalid would hold their own against the
irregular army which now threatened them; but he nevertheless decided to assist them,
and did so in a most unusual manner. He sent instructions to Sad bin Abi Waqqas, the
Muslim Commander-in-Chief in Iraq, to despatch three columns into the Jazeera: one
under Suheil bin Adi directed at Raqqa, another under Abdullah bin Utban directed at
Nuseibeen and a third under Ayadh bin Ghanam operating between the first two. (See
Map 29 below) At the same time Umar ordered the despatch of 4,000 men under Qaqa
bin Amr from Iraq to Emessa, along the Euphrates route, to reinforce Abu Ubaidah.
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Page 6
The Christian Arabs arrived at Emessa to find the Muslims safely fortified, and not
knowing what else to do, laid siege to the city. But hardly had the siege begun when
messengers came galloping from the Jazeera to inform them that three Muslim columns
were marching from Iraq towards the Jazeera. The Christian Arabs now realised the
absurdity of their situation: while they were fighting the Muslims in Syria, pulling
Heraclius' chestnuts out of the fire for him, their own land was about to fall to the
Muslims coming from another direction. They abandoned the siege and hastened back to
the Jazeera, which was the only sensible thing to do. Qaqa arrived at Emessa three days
after the departure of the Christian Arabs.
As soon as the three Muslim columns from Iraq heard of the return of the Christian
Arabs, they halted on their route to await further instructions from Sad. Their mission had
been accomplished. With this neat, indirect manoeuvre Umar had repulsed the invading
army of the Jazeera, without shooting an arrow!
The abortive attempt of the Arabs of the Jazeera to fight the Muslims did no damage to
the Muslims in Syria. It did, however, arouse the anger of the Muslims and made them
conscious of the fact that they could not regard Syria as being safely in their possession
until neighbouring lands were cleared of all hostile elements. These elements existed in
the Jazeera and in the region east of the Taurus Mountains; and they would have to be
destroyed or subdued in order to create a zone of security beyond the borders of Syria.
Umar decided to deal with the Jazeera first. He ordered Sad to arrange for its capture, and
appointed Ayadh bin Ghanam as the commander of this theatre of operations. Sad
instructed Ayadh to continue the invasion of the Jazeera with the forces under his
command, and the Muslims from Iraq resumed their forward march late in the summer of
638. Ayadh operated with three columns, and over a period of a few weeks overran the
region between the Tigris and the Euphrates up to Nuseibeen and Ruha (now Urfa). (See
Map 29
) It was a bloodless operation.
1
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As soon as this part of the Jazeera was occupied, Abu Ubaidah wrote to Umar and asked
for Ayadh to be put under his command, so that he could use him for raids across the
northern border. Umar agreed to this request, and Ayadh moved to Emessa with part of
the Muslim force sent from Iraq to the Jazeera.
In the autumn of 638, Abu Ubaidah launched several columns, including two commanded
by Khalid and Ayadh, to raid Roman territory north of Syria up to as far west as Tarsus.
Khalid's objective was Marash, and he arrived here and laid siege to the city which
contained a Roman garrison. By now the presence of Khalid was sufficient to strike terror
in the hearts of the Romans; and a few days later Marash surrendered on condition that
the garrison and the populace be spared. As for material wealth, the Muslim could take
all they wished. And the Muslims did. Khalid returned to Qinassareen laden with spoils
such as had seldom been seen before. Just the spoils of Marash were sufficient to make
the soldiers of this expedition rich for life.
Had Khalid acquired the quality of thrift in his youth, he would have been one of the
richest men of his time. It was the custom in those days that a warrior who won a duel
took all the possessions of his vanquished foe, and this reward was apart from his normal
share of the spoils taken in battle. Khalid had fought more duels than anyone else in the
Muslim army and won each one of them. Moreover, his adversaries were usually
generals, more richly equipped than others, especially the Persian and Roman generals
who wore jewels and gold ornaments with their dress. Thus more wealth came into the
hands of Khalid than of others; but it slipped through his fingers like sand. He would live
well and give generously. Whatever wealth was gained in one battle lasted only till the
next. Khalid had acquired a large retinue of slaves. He had married many times and had
dozens of children; and the upkeep of his household took a good deal of money. Then
there were the soldiers. After every battle Khalid would pick out warriors who had done
better than others and give them extra gifts from his own pocket.
1.
Some narrators have described a considerable amount of fighting in the Jazeera; but
most early historians agree that it was a peaceful occupation.
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