1.
Tarikh Al-Khulafaa
of As-Suyuti
2.
Tabari: Vol. 2, p. 529.
Page 2
From Oman, following the orders of Abu Bakr, Ikrimah marched to Mahra. Here too the
germs of apostasy had infected the local population, though not in such virulent a form as
in some other provinces. Mahra actually was the objective of Arfaja bin Harsama (one of
the corps commanders) and Ikrimah's instructions were to assist Arfaja; but as the latter
had not yet arrived, Ikrimah decided that instead of waiting for him he would tackle the
local apostasy on his own.
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The army of local rebels that had gathered at Jairut consisted of two unequal factions.
Ikrimah arrived at Jairut and confronted the infidels in early January, 633 (mid-Shawal,
11 Hijri). When ready to engage the enemy, he called upon the apostates to return to the
fold of Islam. Of the two apostates factions, the larger rejected the call, but the smaller
one accepted it and came over to join the Muslims, whereupon Ikrimah attacked and
defeated the rebels. Their commander was killed, and a large quantity of booty came into
Ikrimah's hands.
Having re-established Islam in Mahra, Ikrimah moved his corps to Abyan, where he
rested his men and awaited further developments.
In Bahrain an independent action against the rebels was fought by the corps of Ala bin Al
Hadhrami. It was after the Battle of Yamamah that Abu Bakr had sent this general to
crush the apostasy in Bahrain, telling him that he would get no help from other Muslim
forces, that he would be entirely on his own.
Ula arrived in Bahrain to find the apostate forces gathered at Hajr and entrenched in a
strong position. (This was the only instance of entrenchment being used in these
campaigns.) Ula mounted several attacks and the battle continued for some days but
without success, as he found it difficult to cross the trench line. Whenever he managed to
get some forces across they were repulsed. Ula began to wonder just how he was going to
crack this virtually impregnable position.
Then early one night Ula heard wild, joyous shouts coming from the rebel position. At a
loss to understand this phenomenon, he sent spies to investigate. These spies returned
soon after to inform him that there was wild revelry in the enemy camp and that
everybody was drunk. Ula at once ordered a night attack. As the Muslims went into the
assault they found no sentries and caught the enemy completely by surprise. They
plunged into the rebels, and hundreds of them were killed before they realised that their
celebration had been disturbed! Hundreds, more were slain before the rest could come to
their senses and escape.
The following day Ula pursued the fugitives to the coast, where they made one more
stand but were decisively defeated. Most of them surrendered and re?entered Islam.
This operation was completed at about the end of January 633 (second week of Dhul
Qad, 11 Hijri).
The Yemen had been the first province to rebel against the authority of Islam when the
tribe of Ans rose in arms under the leadership of its chief and false prophet-Aswad, the
Black One. The affair of Aswad has already been described. He was killed by Fairoz the
Persian, while the Holy Prophet still lived, and thereafter Fairoz had acted as governor at
San'a.
When word arrived that the Holy Prophet had died, the people of the Yemen again
revolted, this time under the leadership of a man named Qais bin Abd Yaghus. The
avowed aim of the apostates was to drive the Muslims out of the Yemen, and they
decided to achieve this objective by assassinating Fairoz and other important Muslim
leaders, thus rendering the Muslim community leaderless. Its subsequent expulsion would
then, present no difficulty.
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Page 3
To implement this perfidious plan Qais invited Fairoz and other Muslim officers to his
house for talks. Some Muslims fell into the trap and were speedily despatched by the
assassins; but at the eleventh hour Fairoz got wind of the plot and of the organisation
behind it. Having no military force at his disposal for immediate use, Fairoz sought safety
in flight. He left San'a. Qais came to know of his departure and pursued him, but Fairoz
was able to evade his pursuers and reach the hills where he found a safe refuge. This
happened in June or July 632 (Rabi-ul-Awwal or Akhir, 11 Hijri).
For the next six months Fairoz remained in his mountainous stronghold, where over the
months he was joined by thousands of Muslims who were prepared to shed their blood to
oust Qais and restore Muslim rule in the Yemen. Fairoz organised these Muslims into an
army. When he felt strong enough to face Qais in the field, he marched to San'a with this
army. Qais awaited him here, and in mid-January 633 (late Shawal, 11 Hijri) they joined
battle just outside the town. The Muslims were victorious, and Qais fled to Abyan, where
Ikrimah was to rest later, after subduing Mahra.
At Abyan, Qais was joined by other apostate chiefs, but they fell out amongst themselves.
Seeing no hope of further successful opposition to Madinah, they all surrendered to the
Muslims and were subsequently pardoned by the Caliph. Some of these apostate chiefs,
after re-entering Islam, fought bravely in Iraq and Syria during the years that followed.
The last of the great revolts of the apostasy was that of the powerful tribe of Kinda, which
inhabited the region of Najran, Hadhramaut and Eastern Yemen. The progress of events
in this revolt followed much the same pattern as elsewhere.
On the death of the Prophet, the Kinda became restive, though they did not break into
revolt immediately. The governor of Hadhramaut was Ziyad bin Lubaid who lived at
Zafar, the capital of Hadhramaut. An honest, Allah-fearing Muslim, he was extremely
strict in the collection of taxes, which caused some heart-burning among the Kinda. All
their attempts at evading full payment of taxes were thwarted by Ziyad.
In January 633 (Shawal, 11 Hijri), the discontent of the Kinda came to a head. One of
their minor chieftains had handed in a rather fine camel as part of the tax. He later
changed his mind and asked to have it back but Ziyad rejected the request. This chieftain
then sent some of his men to steal the camel.
In return Ziyad sent a few soldiers to catch the camel-lifters. Shortly afterwards the camel
and the culprits were brought in and locked up. Next morning a riotous assembly of the
Kinda demanded the return of their imprisoned comrades. Ziyad refused to release the
thieves, announcing that they would be tried under Muslim law. At this the situation
exploded.
Large sections of the Kinda revolted and apostatised. They not only refused to pay taxes
or abide by the laws of Islam but also took up arms to oppose the authority of Madinah
with violence. Several other dissident elements joined them in this purpose, and together
they established military camps and prepared for war.
One of these rebel camps was at Riyaz, not far from Zafar. To this Ziyad sent a column
on a night raid which turned out to be eminently successful. Some apostates were killed,
several captured, and the rest driven away. As the captives were being taken to War, they
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passed the greatest of the Kinda chiefs, Ash'as bin Qais, who had not yet turned apostate.
"O Ash'as"
, the captives called to him,
"We are of your mother's clan."
The tribal loyalty
of Ash'as proved itself stronger than his faith or his respect for central authority.
Accompanied by many of his warriors, he intercepted the Muslim column, liberated the
captives, and sent the Muslims home empty-handed.
This marked the beginning of the revolt of Ash'as. The Kinda flocked to his standard in
large numbers and prepared for battle, but the strength of the two forces, apostate and
Muslim, was so well balanced that neither side felt able to start serious hostilities. Ziyad
waited for reinforcements before attacking Ash'as.
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