International Criminal Law
388
asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases, liquids or materials,
69
and the employment
of bullets which expand or flatten upon impact with the human body.
70
The
prohibition of these weapons represents just about all the consensus achieved at the
Rome conference, since a substantial number of delegations refused to accept an
open-ended provision containing a general description of weapons that could be
prohibited in the future. This, it was argued, would offend the principle of legality
and would further deter nuclear powers from adopting the Statute. Eventually, it
was agreed that the inclusion of new weapons whose use would be considered
criminal was permissible, but subject to three cumulative criteria. First, new weapons
are prohibited and their use criminalised if they are ‘of a nature to cause superfluous
injury or unnecessary suffering or which are inherently indiscriminate’; secondly,
such weapons must be the subject of a ‘comprehensive prohibition’; and thirdly,
they must be specifically included in an annex to the Statute by a future amendment,
in accordance with the constitutional arrangements of the Statute under Arts 121
and 123.
71
Despite the exclusion of nuclear,
72
biological, blinding laser weapons and
anti-personnel mines from Art 8, the use of these weapons may still constitute a
criminal offence under sub-para (2)(b)(iv), which prohibits intentional attacks causing
incidental loss of civilian life or property, or disproportionate widespread, long term
and severe damage to the environment in relation to the concrete and direct overall
military advantage anticipated.
73
Sub-paragraphs (b)(xxvi) and (e)(vii) penalise the conscription of children into
both national armed forces and other groups engaged in non-international armed
conflicts. Although attempts were made at the Rome conference to raise the lawful
age of conscription to 18 years, proposals of this nature were rejected as they were
deemed to be incompatible with the age limit under customary law prescribed in
the 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child,
74
as well as the two additional 1977
Protocols.
75
Conscription or enlistment of children constitutes a war crime only if
the child was below the age of 15 at the time. Furthermore, the ICC Statute prohibits
only the ‘active’ participation of children below the age of 15 in hostilities and, thus,
seems to allow their involvement in other support functions. This conclusion is
69
Ibid,
Art 8(2)(b)(xviii); see 1899 Declaration Concerning Asphyxiating Gases, reprinted in 26 Martens
NRTG (2nd Ser), p 1002; 1925 Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or
Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare, 94 LNTS 65; 1993 Convention on the
Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their
Destruction, 32 ILM (1993), 804.
70
ICC Statute, Art 8(2)(b)(xix); see 1899 Declaration (IV, 3) Concerning Expanding Bullets, reprinted
in 26 Martens NRTG (2nd Ser), p 998.
71
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