Chapter 9: Mutual Legal Assistance
253
Following his extradition to Canada, the statement was tendered as evidence at trial.
The defence objected to its admissibility on the ground that the defendant had had
no opportunity to receive legal advice, as required under the Charter. Rejecting this
argument, the court held that the purpose of the Charter was to ensure that evidence
obtained by Canadian officials was obtained fairly, which included evidence taken
abroad on behalf of the Canadian authorities. The court held that while it should
consider the manner in which evidence was obtained abroad, foreign evidence would
be admitted in Canadian proceedings unless it would bring ‘the administration of
justice in Canada into disrepute’.
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Whilst the procedure did not strictly conform to
the requirements of the Canadian Charter, there had been no violation of local law
and there was nothing in this case to bring the administration of justice into disrepute.
The Canadian Supreme Court considered this matter further in
R v Harrer
.
147
In
this case, the defendant was interviewed by US police officers and, whilst she had
been advised of her constitutional rights before interview, she had not been offered
access to counsel.
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The defendant argued that these statements should be excluded
from proceedings in Canada because standards established under the Canadian
Charter of Rights and Freedoms had been violated. The court held that it should not
restrict the territorial limits of the Charter because to do so might limit the protection
of Canadian people against an interference with their rights. He observed that had
the questioning been undertaken by Canadian officers in the US, or by the US police
at the request of the Canadian authorities, the Charter would have applied. However,
since the US police officers were not acting on behalf of the Canadian authorities,
the Charter has no direct application in the US. Accordingly, the statements were
admissible. La Forest J considered that it should not be assumed that the evidence
would be unfair because it fell below the standards of the Charter, because concepts
of ‘fairness and principles of fundamental justice involve a delicate balancing to
achieve a just accommodation between the interests of the individual and those of
the State in providing a fair and workable system of justice’.
149
He considered that
the fact that the evidence was obtained in the foreign State in accordance with its
law is an important consideration in relation to the admissibility of the evidence.
However, to exclude that evidence only where it ‘shocks the conscience’ of the court
is probably too low a standard. Fairness was a more objective criterion and evidence
obtained abroad should be admissible unless it would lead to an unfair trial. Such
an interpretation appears to be a similar standard to that set out under s 78(1) of
PACE in English law, which allows the court to exclude evidence which ‘would
have such an adverse effect on the fairness of the proceedings that the court ought
not to admit it’.
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