Chapter 7: State Jurisdiction and Immunities
159
State embarking on an exercise of universal jurisdiction, as enshrined in Art 5(2).
Where the alleged offender is apprehended in a State that does not wish to initiate
criminal proceedings and is, therefore, obliged to extradite to a third State (if a bilateral
extradition treaty exists), extradition will generally take place only to a country with
sufficiently close connection to the offence.
112
In the case of international crimes subject
to universal jurisdiction, on the other hand, any extradition requests must be treated
as legitimate by the requested country
113
and are to be dismissed only on account of
human rights concerns. Another difference between ‘internal’ and ‘international’
universal jurisdiction is that, in order for the former to be lawfully prescribed by the
national legislature, it must not conflict with any other generally agreed rule of
international law.
The traditional common law view seems to have been that no presumption of
universal jurisdiction be read in criminal statutes,
114
but both English and US courts
assert that they have always enjoyed jurisdiction for personal violations of
international norms.
115
The best approach is that adopted by § 443 of the Restatement
(Third) of the Foreign Relations Law of the USA, which provides that:
A State’s courts may exercise jurisdiction to enforce the State’s criminal laws which
punish universal crimes (§ 404) or other non-territorial offences within the State’s
jurisdiction to prescribe (§§ 402–03).
Indeed, unless a prohibitory international rule to the contrary exists, a State may
assert any form of jurisdiction over an alleged offence. In fact, some States have
gone so far as to prosecute aliens for common offences, perpetrated in, and subject
to, the ordinary criminal law of third countries. In the
Austrian Universal Jurisdiction
case,
116
the accused had fled his native Yugoslavia and was convicted in Austria for
offences committed there. While serving his sentence, Yugoslavia requested his
extradition for common crimes perpetrated while he was still a resident of that
country, but Austria refused because the accused was in danger of being subjected
to political persecution in Yugoslavia. Instead, the Supreme Court of Austria argued
that the judicial authorities of that country could exercise universal jurisdiction over
the accused’s alleged offences in Yugoslavia, because it deemed them punishable
under Austrian law if committed in Austria. The exercise of such jurisdiction was
based onArt 40 of theAustrian Criminal Code, which provides that where competent
foreign authorities refuse to prosecute, or prosecution by them is impossible, this
task will be undertaken by Austrian courts in accordance with its criminal law.
117
In
similar fashion, in the
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