«инглиз тили лексикологияси» кафедраси

English, Uzbek and Russian languages consonant phonemes
The inventory of phonemes is a starting point in thecomparative- typological analysis. The typological analysis aims at describing structural units,
i.e. phonemes which function as formal items in the identification and distinction of words and morphemes.
The inventory of the English consonants consists of 24 phonemes. [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g], [m], [n], [ŋ], [f], [v], [θ], [ð], [s], [z], [ʃ], [ʒ], [h],
[tʃ], [dʒ], [j], [w], [r], [l].
The inventory of the Uzbek consonants consists of 25 phonemes.
[б], [в], [г], [д], [ж1], [j2], [(dj)], [з], [й], [к], [л], [м], [н], [п], [р], [с], [т], [ф], [x], [ч], [ш], [қ], [ғ], [ҳ], [ц].
The inventory of the Russian consonants consists of 36 phonemes.
[б], [б‘] [в], [в‘] [г], [г‘] [д], [д‘] [ж] [з], [з‘] [й'] [к], [к‘] [л], [л‘] [м], [м‘]
[н], [н‘] [п], [п‘] [р], [р‘] [с], [с‘] [т], [т‘] [ф], [ф‘] [х], [х‘] [ц] [ч‘] [ш] [щ‘].
The consonant system of all compared languages is classified according to the articulatory and acoustic features.
The general phonetic principles of classification of consonants in compared languages are as follows:
a.)The place of articulation b.) the manner of production;
c.)the presence or absence of voice;
d.)the position of the soft palate;
Similarity and differences between them can be seen in the tables below:

The place of articulation
English				Uzbek			Russian
bilabial				labial			labial
labiodentals				lingual			labial-dental
dental				glottal			foredental
	alveolar					dental
	postalveolar
	palatal
	velar
	uvular
	pharyngeal
	glottal
	retroflex
		The manner of production
		English	Uzbek			Russian
1.		occlusive	explosive			Fricative: middle fricative side fricative
2.		constrictive (fricative)	affricates			Occlusive: explosive affricates implosive nasal
3.		occlusive- constrictive (affricates)	implosive			Vibrant
4.		rolled	nasal
5.			vibrant

The presence or absence of voice
English	Uzbek	Russian
voiced	voiced	voiced
voiceless	voiceless	voiceless

The position of the soft palate
English	Uzbek	Russian
Sonorant	Sonorant	Sonorant
Noise consonants	Noise consonants	Noise consonants

According to the palatalization of the tongue, theonly Russian language has

soft and hard consonants.
Professor U. Yusupov differentiates some consonants in the following way. The English consonants [t] and [d] are alveolar speech sounds, whereas their Uzbek counterparts [т] and [д] are dental ones. The English [w], in contrast with Uzbek [в], is pronounced with protruded lips. Also, in Uzbek, the voiced consonants [б] and [д] become voiceless at the end of words, which is alien to English: мактаб-мактап.
The consonants [ө,ð,w] can‘t be found in Uzbek. Likewise, the Uzbek consonants [x, ғ, қ] do not exist in English. Moreover, Russian [ж], [й'] phonemes also cannot be found in English phoneme system.


Questions for self-control:

1. 
   What is a vowel sound?
   
2. 
   What are the groups of vowels according to the articulatory level?
   
3. 
   How do the consonants change on the articulatory level?
   

4. What are the four groups of consonants according to the manner of articulation?
5. What is the difference between occlusive and constrictives
6. How are the Russian rolled consonants [р, р ‘] are produced?
7. Name the consonant groups according to the place of articulation.
8. The problem of interference in foreign language teaching acquisition (Phonetic and phonological levels).


Recommended Literatures:

1. 
   Аракин В.Д. Сравнительная типология английского и русского языков. Ленинград, 1979.
   
2. 
   David Crystal. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Oxford: Blackwell, 1991.
   
3. 
   Yusupov U.K.Contrastive linguistics of the English and Uzbek languages. Tashkent, 2013.
   
4. 
   Abduazizov A. A. Phonology and morphonology of Uzbek language. Tashkent, 2010.
   
5. 
   Abduazizov A. A. English Phonetics. A Theoretical Course. Tashkent, 2007.
   
6. 
   Оливериус, З. Фонетика русского языка. Прага: SPN, 1978.
   
7. 
   Лизалова, Л. И. Упражнения по фонетике современного русского языка. Брно: МУ, 1991.
   
8. 
   Jamolxonov H. Hozirgi o’zbek adabiy tili. Toshkent, 2005.
   
9. 
   Rahmatullayev Sh. Hozirgi adabiy о’zbek tili. Toshkent, 2007.
   

LECTURE 7. Typological Characteristics of English, Uzbek and Russian Languages Phonological Systems


Problems for discussion:

1. 
   English, Uzbek and Rissian languages Stress
   
2. 
   English, Uzbek and Russian languages intonation
   

Word stress or accent is usually defined as the degree of force or prominence with which a sound or syllable is uttered. Languages differ with word stress placement and degrees of it.
In the Turkic languages, particularly in Uzbek, word stress usually falls on the final syllable.
English, Uzbek, and Russian are called stress languages or languages with dynamic stress (force stress), in which intensity is more significant than the other correlates-duration and pitch.
Stress can be divided into all compared languages as follows: In English:
In Russian:

In Uzbek:

The features of these three languages can be seen from the tables above. In English, the word stress is fixed, while in Uzbek it is movable and it often falls to the right side to the suffixes:

English`teach - `teach +er, - `teach+ing
Uzb. `иш – иш+`чи – ишчи+`лар – ишчилар+`да – ишчиларда+`ми?
Some words of collective pronouns (such as ҳамма, барча) of Uzbek are considered as exceptions because in these pronouns stress is fixed: ҳ`амма – ҳ`амма+га –ҳ`амма+дан.
On the contrary, with these two languages Russian stress can be distinguished with its free (can be in any part of a word: ку хонный, экспе ртный, проходно й) and mobility (can change its place in
different forms of a word: features.
In all compared languages have two equal stresses: `mid`night, `black`board,
`home`sick etc.,
in Uzbek: те`мир`йўл,боғ`и шам`ол etc.,
in Russian: кля твопреступление, о колозе мный, ви це-президент etc.
Stress is one of the ways of word building in these compared languages: Eng.: `present (noun) – pre`sent (verb), `expert (noun) – ex`pert (verb). Uzb.: `олма (noun) – ол`ма (verb), `сузма (noun) – суз`ма (verb).
Russian: заброни ровать (место в гостинице) – забронировать (орудие), смелый (adj.) - смела (noun).