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Indiana University School of Music.
The university was founded in 1820 and began to offer music instruction in 1893. A music department was organized, at Bloomington, in 1910; in 1921 it was made a school of music. Under the deanship (1947–73) of Wilfred C. Bain the school experienced great expansion which has made it one of the largest and best-equipped schools of music in the country. Charles H. Webb succeeded Bain. In the mid-1990s over 1400 students were enrolled at the school, whose teaching staff numbered about 140. Degrees are offered in performing, theory, composition and musicology, as well as in recording technology, stagecraft and string instrument building; an artist diploma is also awarded. The school has a strong opera programme. The library houses almost 550,000 items, including nearly 160,000 recordings; rare books and music (including over 125,000 titles of American sheet music and the personal papers of Hoagy Carmichael) are in the university’s Lilly Library. Other important resources include an Early Music Institute, a Latin American Music Center, a Black Music Center and the Archives of Traditional Music.
BRUCE CARR
Indie music.
Before the punk explosion in the UK in the mid-1970s, six major record labels (what are now CBS/Sony, the American Warner and MCA, the Dutch Polygram, British EMI and German BMG) operated an effective monopoly on access to mass public taste, especially throughout the Anglophone world. Through its explicit challenge to bourgeois values, punk broke this monopoly, enabling independent (hence indie) labels to gain an effective market share. Consequently Stiff Records became immediately important, especially through their promotion of Elvis Costello and the Attractions. Other notable labels include: Rough Trade, who marketed the Smiths; Creation, who marketed Primal Scream, Teenage Fanclub and, latterly, Oasis; 4AD with the Cocteau Twins; Kitchenware with Prefab Sprout; Beggar's Banquet; Demon and One Little Indian. Such labels' real independence from larger competitors was called into question particularly by Rough Trade's distribution problems in 1991.
As a style label indie is not particularly useful, although it does carry connotations of sensitive, somewhat introspective personas who generally lack strong vocal projection. Indie music eschews overt commerciality and relies on dense, overdriven guitar chords rather than riffs, alongside the presence of thousands of small-time dedicated bands. In the late 1980s the term became particularly associated with a new wave of Manchester bands such as Inspiral Carpets, Happy Mondays, New Order and Stone Roses. By the mid-1990s the best of indie was regularly on show at large-scale festivals, such as Glastonbury and Reading in the UK and Lollopallooza in New York.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
S. Reynolds: ‘Against Health and Efficiency: Independent Music in the 1980s’, Zoot Suits and Second-Hand Dresses, ed. A. McRobbie (London, 1989), 245–55
C. Larkin, ed.: The Guinness Who's Who of Indie & New Wave (London, 1995)
ALLAN F. MOORE
Indonesia (Bahasa Indon. Republik Indonesia).
Country in South-east Asia.
I. General
II. Bali, Lombok and Sumbawa
III. Central Java
IV. East Java
V. West Java
VI. Sumatra
VII. Outer islands
VIII. Pan-Indonesian musical developments
PHILIP YAMPOLSKY (I, 1, 3; IV: bibliography; VIII, 1), DR SUMARSAM (I, 2), LISA GOLD (II, 1), TILMAN SEEBASS (II, 2–3), BENJAMIN BRINNER (III), MICHAEL CRAWFORD (IV: text), SIMON COOK (V, 1), MATTHEW ISAAC COHEN (V, 2), MARC PERLMAN (VI), VIRGINIA GORLINSKI (VII, 1), MARGARET J. KARTOMI (VII, 2), CHRISTOPHER BASILE (VII, 3), R. ANDERSON SUTTON (VII, 4), FRANKI RADEN (VIII, 2)
Indonesia
I. General
1. Cultural and musical geography.
2. History.
3. Instruments.
Indonesia, §I: General
1. Cultural and musical geography.
(i) Introduction.
(ii) National and regional culture.
(iii) Musical overview.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Indonesia, §I, 1: General: Cultural and musical geography
(i) Introduction.
Currently the fourth most populous nation in the world, Indonesia covers a vast archipelago of some 17,500 islands, of which about 6000 are inhabited (fig.1). Its people belong to approximately 300 ethnic groups and speak roughly the same number of languages. The Melayu (Malay) language, originally spoken by ethnic Melayu of the Malay peninsula, eastern Sumatra, and the Riau islands, developed into a trading, administrative and literary lingua franca in many parts of the archipelago; under the name Bahasa Indonesia it has been successfully established as the national language of independent Indonesia. Some 85–90% of the country's inhabitants profess the Muslim faith, making Indonesia the world's largest Muslim nation. Irian Jaya, the easternmost province of Indonesia, comprises the western half of the island of New Guinea; its population and cultures are Melanesian rather than Indonesian and it is therefore treated more fully elsewhere (see Melanesia, §II).
The territory of modern Indonesia is coterminous with that of the former Dutch colony known as the Dutch East Indies. From 1976 to 1999 Indonesia also claimed East Timor, not part of the Dutch colony. After establishing footholds in western Java and Ambon at the beginning of the 17th century, the Dutch gradually extended their control throughout the archipelago, though some regions (e.g. Bali, northern Sumatra and parts of eastern Indonesia) were not fully brought under Dutch authority until the beginning of the 20th century. During World War II the Japanese army expelled the Dutch and occupied Indonesia. On 17 August 1945, with the defeat of the Japanese imminent, Indonesia declared its independence; the Dutch, however, attempted to return, and only after four years of guerrilla warfare did they accept Indonesia's sovereignty.
Indonesia, §I, 1: General: Cultural and musical geography
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