keltirilganda ham bir qancha noqulayliklar bo‘ladi. Jumladan, ma’lumotlarda informatsiyani ortiqchaligi, amallarni bajarish qiyinligi va boshqalar. Bunday munosabatlarni 3nf ga keltiriladi. 3nf da tranzitiv bog‘lanish yo‘qotiladi.
Agar, A,V,S R munosabatini 3 ta atributi yoki atributlar to‘plami bo‘lsin. Agar V atribut A atributga, S atribut esa V atributga bog‘langan bo‘lsa, ya’ni , A → V va V→S Bunda teskari bog‘linishlar bo‘lmasa, unda S atribut A atributga tranzitiv bog‘langan deyiladi. Uni ko‘pincha diagramma ko‘rinishida quyidagicha belgilaymiz:
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Ma’lumotlarni ixtiyoriy strukturasidan oddiy strukturali 2 o‘lchamli jadvallarga o‘tish va 1nf ni hosil qilish.
Kalit atributlari bilan barcha atributlar orasidagi mumkin bo‘lgan to‘liqmas funksional bog‘lanishlarni yo‘qotish va 2nf hosil qilish.
Mumkin bo‘lmagan kalit atributlari va asosiy bo‘lmagan (nokalit) atributlar orasidagi tranzitiv funksional bog‘lanishlarni yo‘qotish va 3nf ni hosil qilish
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Asosiy xotira
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Ma’lumotlar bazasi va MBBT ni fizik tashkil etish.
MBBT komponentalari va ularni OS va amaliy programmalar bilan o‘zaro bog‘liqligi ma’lumotlarni fizik tasvirlashdamuhim o‘rin to‘tadi. MBBT murakkab til programm kompleksidan iborat bo‘lib, MB ni ishlash imkoniyatini ta’minlaydi. MBBT tarkibiga sistemali prorammalar kompleksi kiradi. Bu kompleksni markaziy komponentasi manitor yoki boshqaruvchi programma hisoblanadi. Manitor MBBT ni komponetalarini OS va amaliy programmalar bilan o‘zaro ta’sirini tashkil qiladi. Bu komponentalarning fizik tashkil etuvchilari quyidagi chizmada berilgan:
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Bu chizmada nomerlangan strelkalar bilan amaliy programma tarkibidagi ma’lumotlar bilan ishlash tili (YAMD) ni bitta operatorini bajarishiga tegishli bo‘lgan amallar ketma – ketligi ko‘rsatilgan.
Masalan, bu MB dan ma’lumotlarni o‘qish so‘rovini operatori bo‘lib hizmat qilsin. Unda nomerlangan strelkalar quyidagi ma’noga ega:
Amaliy programmalar MB ga (YAMD) operatori orqali murojaat qilsin. Uni manitor tomonidan tahlil qilinadi.
Talqin qilish jarayonida manitor oldindan translyasiya qilib qo‘yilgan sxemani ishlatadi.
Bu so‘rovga tegishli ma’lumotlar aniqlanib bo‘lingandan keyin, manitor OS ga tashqi xotiraga murojaat qilishni amalga oshirish talabi bilan murojaat qiladi.
OS MB ga murojaatni bajaradi. Bu xuddi fayllarga murojaat qilish kabi oddiy bajariladi.
Talab qilingan ma’lumotlar tashqi xotiradan sistemani bufer sohasiga o‘zatiladi.
Ma’lumotlar amaliy programmalarni ishchi sohasiga jo‘natiladi.
Manitor amaliy programmaga so‘rovni bajarish natijalarini xabarini beradi.
Amaliy programma MB dan olingan ma’lumotlar ustida kerakli amallarni bajaradi.
Adreslash usullari. Bitta mashina ko‘rsatmasi yordamida o‘qish mumkin bo‘lgan bitlar guruxi fizik yozuvlar deb ataladi. Fizik yozuvlar mashina xotirasining yacheykalarida saqlanadi va mashina adreslari yordamida identifikatsiyalanadi. Programmlar mantiqiy yozuvlarni kalitlar yordamida aniqlaydi. Programma uchun zarur bo‘lgan ma’lumotni mantiqiy yozuv kalitlari yordamida fizik yozuvlarni adreslarani aniqlaydi. Programma uchun zarur bo‘lgan ma’lumotni mantiqiy yozuv kalitlari yordamida fizik yozuvlarni adreslarini aniqlaymiz. Kalit qiymatlari juda ko‘p bo‘lganligi uchun mashina adreslar bilan munosiblikni aniqlash uchun xilma – xil adreslash usulidan foydalanamiz. Kalit sifatida har bir yozuvda joylashgan piksellangan uzunlikdagi maydonlardan foydalanamiz. Ba’zi hollarda kalit sifatida bir nechta maydon olinadi va bunda ulangan kalitlar hosil qilinadi. Fayllardagi yozuvlarni bir qiymatli aniqlash uchun albatta yagona kalit mavjud bo‘lishi kerak va bunday kalitlar birlamchi kalitlar deb ataladi.
Yozuvlarni adreslashning quysidagi usullari mavjud:
Fayllarni ketma – ket saqlash usuli. Har bir yozuvni kaliti tekshiriladi. Bunday usul ko‘p vaqtni talab etadi.
Blokli qidirish. Agar yozuvlar kalit bo‘yicha tartiblangan bo‘lsa, fayllarni skanerlashda har bir yozuvni o‘qib chiqish talab etilmaydi. Bunday xollada kerakli yozuvdarni topish uchun blokli qidirish usulidan foydalanamiz.bunda yozuvlar bloklarga guruxlanadi va har bir blok bir
martadan tekshiriladi, kerakli yozuv qidirib topilguncha.
Binar qidirish. Bunda soha o‘rtasidagi yozuv topiladi va uning kaliti qidirish tartibi bilan solishtiriladi. So‘ngra qidirish sohasi ikkiga ajratiladi va har bir yarmi alohida qidiriladi. Binar qidirish to‘g‘ridan – to‘g‘ri murojaat qurilmalarida ishlatib bo‘lmaydi.
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