Фонемна структура кореневої морфеми в давньо-, середньо- та новоанглійський період

Conjugation of Verbs

• Conjugation of Verbs
• The verb conjugation in OE. The paradigm of the OE verb includes a little bit more than 30 positions (less than theoretically possible); in addition, many forms were fully or partially homonymous. Practically speaking there were about ten endings which marked different grammatical categories. Thus each marker was used for some categories: e. g.: the ending -e could be found in 9 positions, -en – in 5 positions, -að in 4 positions etc.

Form	Strong	Weak
Infinitive	-an	-an
Present Indicative
1st Singular	-e	-e
2nd Singular	-st	-st
3rd Singular	-ð	-ð
Plural	-að	-að
Present Subjunctive
Singular	-e	-e
Plural	-en	-en

Form	Strong	Weak
Past Indicative
1st Singular	-	-e
2nd Singular	-e	-es(t)
3rd Singular	-	-e
Plural	-on	-on
Past Subjunctive
Singular	-e	-e
Plural	-en	-en
Imperative
Singular	-	-
Plural	-að	-að
Participle I	-ende	-ende
Participle II	–en	-ed (od)

Non-finite forms of the verb

• In OE there were 2 non-finite forms of the verbals. In many respects they were closer to the nouns and adjectives than to the finite verbs.
• There are more nominal features than verbal especially at the morphological level.
• THE INFINITIVE had no verbal grammatical characteristics being a verbal noun by origin. It had a sort of reduced case-system: there were 2 forms which roughly corresponded to Nom. and Dat. cases of nouns.
• Nom. beran Uninflected infinitive
• Dat. to berenne Inflected infinitive
• The preposition to could be used to indicate the direction or purpose of the action.
• Maniʒe cōmen tō bycʒenne þa þinʒ (Many (people) came to buy those things)
• Hīe woldon hine forbærnan (They wanted to burn him).

THE PARTICIPLE was a kind of verbal adjective which was characterized not only by nominal but also by certain verbal features. Present Participle was opposed to Past Participle through voice and tense distinctions: it was active and expressed present or simultaneous processes and qualities, while Participle II expressed states or qualities resulting from past action and was contrasted to Participle I as passive to active if the verb was transitive. Participle II of intransitive verbs had an active meaning; it indicated a past action and was opposed to Participle I only through tense.

• THE PARTICIPLE was a kind of verbal adjective which was characterized not only by nominal but also by certain verbal features. Present Participle was opposed to Past Participle through voice and tense distinctions: it was active and expressed present or simultaneous processes and qualities, while Participle II expressed states or qualities resulting from past action and was contrasted to Participle I as passive to active if the verb was transitive. Participle II of intransitive verbs had an active meaning; it indicated a past action and was opposed to Participle I only through tense.

The forms of the two participles were strictly differentiated. Participle I was formed from the Present Tense stem with the help of the suffix –ende. Participle II had a stem of its own: in strong verbs it was marked by a certain grade of the root vowel interchange and by the suffix –en; in weak verbs it ended in -d / -t. Participle II was commonly marked by the prefix ʒe-, though it could also occur without it, especially if the verb had other word building prefixes.

• The forms of the two participles were strictly differentiated. Participle I was formed from the Present Tense stem with the help of the suffix –ende. Participle II had a stem of its own: in strong verbs it was marked by a certain grade of the root vowel interchange and by the suffix –en; in weak verbs it ended in -d / -t. Participle II was commonly marked by the prefix ʒe-, though it could also occur without it, especially if the verb had other word building prefixes.
• Active Passive
• bindan bindende ʒebunden

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