ONE CLEAR SOUND = TWO CONSONANTS
Spelling Pronunciation
-addition /əˈdɪʃən/
-allow /əˈlaʊ/
-apple /ˈæpəl/
-boss /bɔs/
-bottom /ˈbɑt̬əm/
-channel /ˈtʃænl/
-collection /kəˈlɛkʃən/
-common /ˈkɑmən/
-cotton /ˈkɑtn/
-cutting /ˈkʌt̬ɪŋ/
-effect /ɪˈfɛkt/
-falling /ˈfɔlɪŋ/
-foggy /ˈfɑgi/ /ˈfɔgi/
-gossip /ˈgɑsəp/
-happen /ˈhæpən/
-happy /ˈhæpi/
-intelligent /ɪnˈtɛlədʒənt/
-letter /ˈlɛt̬ɚ/
-little /ˈlɪt̬l/
-middle /ˈmɪdl/
-narrow /ˈnæroʊ/
-parallel /ˈpærəˌlɛl/
-parrot /ˈpærət/
-possess /pəˈzɛs/
-possible /ˈpɑsəbəl/
-putting /ˈpʊt̬ɪŋ/
-puzzle /ˈpʌzəl/
-quarrel /ˈkwɑrəl/ /ˈkwɔrəl/
-rabbit /ˈræbɪt/
-rubbish /ˈrʌbɪʃ/
-seller /ˈsɛlɚ/
-selling /ˈsɛlɪŋ/
-telling /ˈtɛlɪŋ/
CONSONANT CLUSTERS (BLENDS)
/bl/
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black
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/blæk/
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blanket
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/ˈblæŋkɪt/
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blond(e)
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/blɑnd/
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/br/
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brave
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/breɪv/
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bread
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/brɛd/
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break
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/breɪk/
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/cl/
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clear
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/klɪr/
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climb
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/klaɪm/
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close
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/kloʊs/
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/cr/
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crazy
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/ˈkreɪzi/
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create
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/kriˈeit/
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crew
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/kru/
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/dr/
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dress
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/drɛs/
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drink
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/drɪŋk/
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drive
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/draɪv/
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/fl/
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flag
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/flæg/
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flood
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/flʌd/
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fluent
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/ˈfluənt/
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/fr/
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free
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/ˈfri/
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front
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/frʌnt/
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fruit
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/frut/
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/gl/
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glass
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/glæs/
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glove
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/glʌv/
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glue
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/glu/
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/gr/
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grandfather
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/ˈgrændfɑðɚ/
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great
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/greɪt/
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group
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/grup/
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/pl/
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play
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/pleɪ/
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please
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/pliz/
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plenty
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/ˈplɛnti/
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/pr/
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prevent
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/prɪˈvɛnt/
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pretty
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/ˈprɪt̬i/
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press
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/prɛs/
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/sc/
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scale
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/skeɪl/
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scared
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/skɛrd/
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scandal
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/ˈskændl/
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/sk/
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ski
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/ski/
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skill
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/skɪl/
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skirt
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/skɚt/
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/sl/
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slim
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/slɪm/
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sleep
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/slip/
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slip
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/slɪp/
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/sm/
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smell
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/smɛl/
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smile
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/smaɪl/
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smoke
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/smoʊk/
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/sn/
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snake
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/sneɪk/
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sneeze
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/sniz/
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sniff
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/snɪf/
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/sp/
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space
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/speɪs/
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speak
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/spik/
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specialist
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/ˈspɛʃəlɪst/
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/st/
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stair
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/stɛr/
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stand
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/stænd/
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stamp
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/stæmp/
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/sw/
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swear
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/swɛr/
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sweet
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/swit/
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swim
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/swɪm/
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/tr/
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train
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/treɪn/
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travel
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/ˈtrævəl/
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trip
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/trɪp/
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/str/
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street
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/strit/
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stress
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/strɛs/
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straight
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/streɪt/
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*We blend the /b/ and the /l/ sounds together to make the /bl/.
SILENT CONSONANT LETTERS
Silent ‘b’
-bomb /bɑm/
-climb /klaɪm/
-comb /koʊm/
-debt /dɛt/
-doubt /daʊt/
-lamb /læm/
-limb /lɪm/
-thumb /θʌm/
-tomb /tum/
Silent ‘d’
-grandpa /ˈgrænpɑ/ /ˈgræmpɑ/
-grandma /ˈgrænmɑ/ /ˈgræmɑ/
-grandson /ˈgrænsʌn/
-handsome /ˈhænsəm/
-Wednesday /ˈwɛnzdi/ /ˈwɛnzdeɪ/
Silent ‘g’
-campaign /kæmˈpeɪn/
-reign /reɪn/
-sign /saɪn/
Silent ‘h’
-exhaust /ɪgˈzɔst/
-exhibit /ɪgˈzɪbɪt/
-honest /ˈɑnɪst/
-honor /ˈɑnɚ/
-hour /aʊɚ/
-her /ɚ/
-him /ɪm/
Silent ‘k’
-knee /ni/
-kneel /nil/
-knickers /ˈnɪkɚz/
-knife /naɪf/
-knight /naɪt/
-knit /nɪt/
-knock /nɑk/
-know /noʊ/
-knowledge /ˈnɑlɪdʒ/
Silent ‘l’
-calf /kæf/
-calm /kɑm/
-could /kəd/ /kʊd/
-half /hæf/
-should /ʃəd/ /ʃʊd/
-talk /tɔk/
-walk /wɔk/
-would /wəd/ /wʊd/
Silent ‘n’
-autumn /ˈɔt̬əm/
-column /ˈkɑləm/
-condemn /kənˈdɛm/
-damn /dæm/
-solemn /ˈsɑləm/
Silent ‘p’
-psychiatrist /saɪˈkaɪətrɪst/ /səˈkaɪətrɪst/
-psychological /ˌsaɪkəˈlɑdʒɪkəl/
-psychologist /saɪˈkɑlədʒɪst/
-psychology /saɪˈkɑlədʒi/
Silent ‘t’
-castle /ˈkæsəl/
-Christmas /ˈkrɪsməs/
-listen /ˈlɪsən/
-mustnˈt /ˈmʌsənt/
Silent ‘w’
-sword /sɔrd/
-toward /tɔrd/
-who /hu/
-who’d /hud/
-who’re /huɚ/ /hʊr/
-who’s /huz/
-who’ve /huv/
-whoever /huˈɛvɚ/
-whole /hoʊl/
-whom /hum/
-whose /huz/
-wrap /ræp/
-wreck /rɛk/
-wrest /rɛst/
-wrestle /ˈrɛsəl/
-wrestler /ˈrɛslɚ/
-wrestling /ˈrɛslɪŋ/
-wrist /rɪst/
-write /raɪt/
-writer /raɪt̬ɚ/
-writing /raɪt̬ɪŋ/
-wrong /rɔŋ/
LESSON III
PRESENT SIMPLE –S & –ES ENDINGS
PAST SIMPLE –D & –ED ENDINGS
-ED ADJECTIVES
PLURAL NOUN –S & –ES ENDINGS
PRESENT SIMPLE –S & –ES ENDINGS
/s/
When the final sound of the infinitive verb is another unvoiced (voiceless) consonant sound /k/, /f/, /p/, /t/, /θ/ - we pronounce the –s / es ending /s/.
VOICELESS /f/
-bluffs /blʌfs/
-coughs /kɔfs/
-cuffs /kʌfs/
-laughs /læfs/
-muffs /mʌfs/
-sniffs /snɪfs/
VOICELESS /k/
-asks /æsks/ /æs/
-breaks /breɪks/
-cooks /kʊks/
-drinks /drɪŋks/
-looks /lʊks/
-makes /meɪks/
-takes /teɪks/
-talks /tɔks/
-walks /wɔks/
-works /wɚks/
VOICELESS /p/
-develops /dɪˈvɛləps/
-drops /drɑps/
-helps /hɛlps/
-hopes /hoʊps/
-sleeps /slips/
-stops /stɑps/
VOICELESS /t/
-costs /kɔsts/ /kɔs/
-cuts /kʌts/
-eats /its/
-fights /faɪts/
-fits /fɪts/
-gets /gɛts/
-invites /ɪnˈvaɪts/
-puts /pʊts/
-sits /sɪts/
-visits /ˈvɪzɪts/
-waits /weɪts/
-writes /raɪts/
LONG VOWEL PHONEMES
BRITISH ENGLISH
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AMERICAN ENGLISH
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/iː/
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/i/
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/ɑː/
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/ɑ/
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/uː/
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/u/
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/ɔː/
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/ɔ/
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/ɜː/
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/ɚ/
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-
/z/
When the final sound of the infinitive verb is another voiced consonant sound /b/, /d/, /g/, /m/, /n/, /l/, /r/, /v/, /ð/ or a vowel sound - we pronounce the –s / es ending /z/.
VOICED /b/
-bribes /braɪbz/
-curbs /kɚbz/
-describes /dɪˈskraɪbz/
-disturbs /dɪˈstɚbz/
-grabs /græbz/
-robs /rɑbz/
VOICED /d/
-builds /bɪldz/
-finds /faɪndz/ /faɪnz/
-hides /haɪdz/
-holds /hoʊldz/
-lends /lɛndz/ /lɛnz/
-needs /nidz/
-reads /ridz/
-sends /sɛndz/ /sɛnz/
-spends /spɛndz/ /spɛnz/
VOICED /ð/ = /dh/
-bathe /beɪðz/
-breathes /briðz/
VOICED /g/
-digs /dɪgz/
-hugs /hʌgz/
VOICED /l/
-boils /bɔɪlz/
-falls /fɔlz/
-feels /filz/
-kills /kɪlz/
-sails /seɪlz/
-sells /sɛlz/
-spells /spɛlz/
-steals /stilz/
-tells /tɛlz/
VOICED /m/
-climbs /klaɪmz/
-comes /kʌmz/
-dreams /drimz/
-performs /pɚˈfɔrmz/
-swims /swɪmz/
VOICED /n/
-begins /bɪˈgɪnz/
-earns /ɚnz/
-happens /ˈhæpənz/
-learns /lɚnz/
-listens /ˈlɪsnz/
-means /minz/
-owns /oʊnz/
-phones /foʊnz/
-returns /rɪˈtɚnz/
-runs /rʌnz/
-shines /ʃaɪnz/
-warns /wɔrnz/
-wins /wɪnz/
VOICED /ŋ/
-brings /brɪŋz/
-rings /rɪŋz/
-sings /sɪŋz/
VOICED /r/
-clears /klɪrz/
-enters /ˈɛntɚz/
-hears /hɪrz/
-hires /haɪɚz/
-offers /ˈɔfɚz/ /ˈɑfɚz/
-wears /wɛrz/
VOICED /v/
-dives /daɪvz/
-drives /draɪvz/
-gives /gɪvz/
-leaves /livz/
-lives /lɪvz/
-loves /lʌvz/
/VOWELS/
When the final sound of the infinitive verb is a vowel sound, we pronounce the –s /-es ending /z/.
-allows /əˈlaʊz/
-annoys /əˈnɔɪz/
-dies /daɪz/
-draws /drɔz/
-enjoys /ɪnˈdʒɔɪz/
-grows /groʊz/
-hurried /ˈhɚiz/ /ˈhʌriz/
-knows /noʊz/
-lies /laɪz/
-pays /peɪz/
-plays /pleɪz/
-rescues /ˈrɛskyuz/
-says /sɛz/
-shows /ʃoʊz/
-snows /snoʊz/
-stays /steɪz/
-studies /ˈstʌdiz/
-worries /ˈwɚiz/ /ˈwʌriz/
NOTE:
MAGIC LETTER ‘E’
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When the letter ‘e’ is at the end of a word, we don’t pronounce it. ‘e’ is magic, and it makes the vowel sound a diphthong or a long sound in a word.
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/eɪ/
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MAKE
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/aɪ/
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FINE
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/əʊ/
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HOME
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A DIPH-THONG COUNTS AS ONLY ONE SOUND.
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DIPH-THONGS = MOVING VOWELS
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/ə/ IS THE MOST COMMON SOUND, BECAUSE ENGLISH IS A STRESSED LANGUAGE.
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/ɪz/
When the final sound of the infinitive verb is one of the ‘hissing = noisy’ sounds /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/ - we pronounce the –s / es ending /ɪz/.
/s/
-kisses /ˈkɪsɪz/
-misses /ˈmɪsɪz/
-passes /ˈpæsɪz/
-promises /ˈprɑmɪsɪz/
-relaxes /rɪˈlæksɪz/
/z/
-amuses /əˈmyuzɪz/
-chooses /ˈtʃuzɪz/
-closes /ˈkloʊzɪz/
-loses /ˈluzɪz/
-rises /ˈraɪzɪz/
-surprises /sɚ'praɪzɪz/ /sə'praɪzɪz/
-uses /yuzɪz/
/ʃ/
-finishes /ˈfɪnɪʃɪz/
-punishes /ˈpʌnɪʃɪz/
-washes /ˈwɑʃɪz/ /ˈwɔʃɪz/
-wishes /ˈwɪʃɪz/
-vanishes /ˈvænɪʃɪz/
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