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Table 1. All GI bleeding characteristics (N=314)
Characteristic
GI bleed timing, n (%)
On admission
During inpatient
104 (33.12)
210 (66.88)
ICU stay among GI bleeders during
inpatient, n (%)
Yes
No
96 (45.71)
114 (54.29)
Bleed location, n (%)
Upper
Lower
214 (68.15)
100 (31.85)
PRBC, n (%)
Yes
No
144 (45.86)
170 (54.14)
PRBC units (n=144)
Mean (SD)
Median (IQR)
3.05 (3.03)
2.00 (1.00, 3.00)
Endoscopy, n (%)
Yes
No
20 (6.37)
294 (93.63)
Endoscopy type (n=20), n (%)
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EGD
Colonoscopy
Sigmoidoscopy
17 (85.00)
2 (10.00)
1 (5.00)
Endoscopy findings (n=20), n (%)
Gastroduodenal ulcer
NML
Gastritis
Esophagitis
Diverticular bleeding
Colitis
Vascular ectasias
11 (55.00)
3 (15.00)
2 (10.00)
1 (5.00)
1 (5.00)
1 (5.00)
1 (5.00)
GBB score (n=176)
Mean (SD)
Median (IQR)
8.85 (4.48)
10.00 (6.00, 12.50)
Minimum HGB value (g/dL)
Mean (SD)
Median (IQR)
8.44 (2.41)
7.80 (6.80, 10.00)
Length of stay
On admission bleeders (n=104)
Mean (SD)
Median (IQR)
During inpatient bleeders (n=210)
8.41 (6.25)
7.00 (4.00, 10.00)
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Mean (SD)
Median (IQR)
15.41 (12.26)
11.50 (6.00, 22.00)
GI, gastrointestinal; ICU, intensive care unit; PRBC, packed red blood cells; EGD, esophagogastroduodenoscopy; GBS,
Glasgow-Blatchford bleeding Score; HGB, hemoglobin; SD, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range.
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Table 2. Demographic characteristics and comorbidities of individuals after matching gastrointestinal bleed on admission and
during hospitalization
Characteristic
GI bleed on
admission
(n=104)
No GI bleed on
admission
(n=104)
Absolute
standardized
difference*
GI bleed
during
hospitalization
(n=210)
No GI bleed
during
hospitalization
(n=210)
Absolute
standardized
difference*
Age
Mean (SD)
Median (IQR)
70.24 (14.40)
72.00 (61.50,
80.50)
71.25 (15.61)
75.00 (62.00,
83.50)
0.06425
69.43 (14.31)
70.00 (62.00,
80.00)
71.58 (14.25)
73.00 (63.00,
82.00)
0.13703
Sex, n (%)
Male
Female
54 (51.92)
50 (48.08)
51 (49.04)
53 (50.96)
0.05808
133 (63.33)
77 (36.67)
137 (65.24)
73 (34.76)
0.03904
Race, n (%)
White
Black/ African
American
Asian
Other/ Multiracial
49 (47.12)
24 (23.08)
10 (9.62)
16 (15.38)
5 (4.81)
53 (50.96)
23 (22.12)
9 (8.65)
17 (16.35)
2 (1.92)
0.07796
0.02318
0.03347
0.02367
0.13438
89 (42.38)
40 (19.05)
21 (10.00)
48 (22.86)
12 (5.71)
96 (45.71)
40 (19.05)
18 (8.57)
48 (22.86)
8 (3.81)
0.06800
0.00000
0.04927
0.00000
0.08507
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Unknown/ Declined
Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic/ Latino
Hispanic/ Latino
Unknown/ Declined
88 (84.62)
9 (8.65)
7 (6.73)
91 (87.50)
8 (7.69)
5 (4.81)
0.07065
0.02727
0.07753
156 (74.29)
39 (18.57)
15 (7.14)
157 (74.76)
40 (19.05)
13 (6.19)
0.01073
0.01189
0.03785
Charlson Comorbidity
Index
Mean (SD)
Median (IQR)
6.26 (3.23)
6.00 (4.00, 8.00)
6.21 (3.53)
6.00 (3.50, 8.00)
0.01430
6.67 (3.91)
6.00 (4.00,
9.00)
6.87 (3.79)
6.50 (4.00,
9.00)
0.05528
ESRD
Yes
No
7 (6.73)
97 (93.27)
3 (2.88)
101 (97.12)
0.17100
21 (10.00)
189 (90.00)
16 (7.62)
194 (92.38)
0.09397
PUD
Yes
No
1 (0.96)
103 (99.04)
0 (0.00)
104 (100.00)
0.10691
8 (3.81)
202 (96.19)
10 (4.76)
200 (95.24)
0.06473
Diverticulosis
Yes
No
3 (2.88)
101 (97.12)
4 (3.85)
100 (96.15)
0.06892
7 (3.33)
203 (96.67)
8 (3.81)
202 (96.19)
0.03242
IBD/ Ulcerative colitis/
Chron’s disease
Yes
No
1 (0.96)
103 (99.04)
0 (0.00)
104 (100.00)
0.11969
1 (0.48)
209 (99.52)
2 (0.95)
208 (99.05)
0.07471
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Prior GI bleed
Yes
No
1 (0.96)
103 (99.04)
0 (0.00)
104 (100.00)
0.10661
8 (3.81)
202 (96.19)
10 (4.76)
200 (95.24)
0.06460
*An absolute standardized difference of <0.25 is considered acceptable covariate balance for acceptable matching.
SD, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range; GI, gastrointestinal; ESRD, end stage renal disease; IBD, inflammatory bowel
disease.
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Table 3. Medication risk factors for gastrointestinal bleed during hospitalization
Medication
GI bleed
(n=210)
No GI bleed
(n=210)
Multivariable OR
(95% CI)
p-value
Antiplatelet (hospital)
Yes
No
92 (43.81)
118 (56.19)
88 (41.90)
122 (58.10)
1.12 (0.65, 1.95)
0.6774
Anticoagulant (hospital)
Yes
No
130 (61.90)
80 (38.10)
123 (58.57)
87 (41.43)
1.14 (0.77, 1.70)
0.5109
PPI (hospital)
Yes
No
79 (37.62)
131 (62.38)
68 (32.38)
142 (67.62)
1.58 (0.98, 2.54)
0.0614
Steroid (hospital)
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Yes
No
114 (54.29)
96 (45.71)
107 (50.95)
103 (49.05)
1.10 (0.74, 1.64)
0.6384
H2R blocker (hospital)
Yes
No
32 (15.24)
178 (84.76)
26 (12.38)
184 (87.62)
1.25 (0.70, 2.25)
0.4456
NSAID (hospital)
Yes
No
8 (3.81)
202 (96.19)
16 (7.62)
194 (92.38)
0.50 (0.21, 1.17)
0.1083
*Multivariable ORs are specific to medication type.
GI, gastrointestinal; PPI, proton pump inhibitor; H2R, Histamine 2 receptor blocker; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs.
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