English for chemists

намного
far	*	л р и ш т ш к » -»
agreatdetd			1тчшпаьт
я Ш		т и м р п и

much darker, far less abundant, still harder, a great deal more, much lighter, much more beautiful, far less activc

b) Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. The first solution of sodium chloride is much stronger than the second solution. 2. Fluorine is a great deal more activc than the other halogens. 3. Iodine is much heavier than bromine. 4. A surfacc coating protects some compounds from still further oxidation. 5. Potassium is much lighter than rubidium, and sodium is still lighter. 6. Amorphous boron is much more reactive chemically than is the harder, more expensive crystalline variety. 7. The nuclcus of an atom is much smaller than is the atom itself. 8. Antimony is much more metallic in appcarancc and in properties than either phosphorus or arsenic. 9. Studies of crystal chem­ istry have attracted much greater interest during the last decade than ever before. 10. Carbon tetrachloride is a liquid much more dense than water. 11. Bromine is far less abundant than chlorinc or fluorine. 12. Steel

is far less brittle than cast iron.

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Ex. lO.TYanslntc the sentences into Russian, paying attention to modal verbs.

1. 
   The text that you must have read describes the properties of halogens.
   

2. 
   This student can’t have started the reaction before learning the properties of the substanccs. 3. The author may have supposed that this description would help to understand his idea better. 4. The teacher may have spoken about such reactions, I don’t remember. 5. Mendeleyev could have presented his periodic system himself, but he was ill. 6. You ought to have been more attentive working in the laboratory. 7. The scientists of our faculty may have discovered some new properties of electrodes, now they arc writing an article on this problem. 8. Everyone must have noticcd a blue-violet vapour when iodine was being warmed. 9. The reaction may not proceed to completion without heating. 10. The laboratory assistant can’t have done all the work alone. 11. Our friends haven’t come yet, they must be still working in their laboratory. 12. You should have paid more attention to a theoretical course before starting your practice. 13. The reaction must have occurred, the colour ofthe reagents has changed. 14. Chemistry couldn't have reached the present level of development without the atomic theory. IS. The discovery of the periodic law must have been the greatest discovery in the nineteenth-century chemistry. 16. The researchers would have tested their results by experiment, but they had no all the necessary apparatus. 17. Newton may have thought that light was a stream of particles. 18. Suggestions were made as to what may have occurred during the reaction.
   

Ex. 11. Translate the sentences into English.

1. Галогены— это элементы VII группы. 2. Все галогены состоят из двухатомных молекул. 3. Самый обычный из галогенов, хлор, — это зеленовато-желтый газ. 4. Хлор был впервые получен шведским химиком Шееле в 1774 году. 5. Сейчас хлор получают в больших мас­ штабах электролизом раствора хлорида натрия, б. Бром встречается в малых количествах в виде соединений в морской лоде и природных отложениях солей. 9. Йод также может встречаться в очень малых количествах в морской воде.
Ex. 12. Make up questions to the italicized parts of the sentences.

1. 
   Halogens may have interested chemists since early times (3).
   

2. 
   Iodine is an almost black crystalline solid with a slightly metallic lustre
   

(3). 3. The solutions of iodine in water containing potassium iodide and in alcohol are brown (3).
Ex. 13. Answer the following questions:
1. What elements arc called halogens? 2. Why may the halogens have interested chemists? 3. What is the most common of the halogens? 4. When was chlorinc obtained? 5. In what way is chlorinc obtained now? 6. What kind of element is bromine? 7. Where docs bromine occur and in what form? 8. In what way is iodine made commercially? 9. What kind of element is iodine?

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Section II
Упр. 1. Прочтите заглавие текста 9 В. Скажите, о чем, по вашему мнению, в нем пойдет речь? Что вы знаете об этом элементе?
Упр. 2. Назовите значения следующих интернациональных слов:
halogen, inert, react, reaction, rcactivc, reactivity, gas, clcctroncgativity, asbestos, silicate, aluminium, platinum, attack, container, protect, clcctrolysis, clcctron, clcctrodc, limit, voltage, extremely
Упр. 3. Определите значения выделенных слов по контексту. Сино­ нимы в скобках помогут вам.
1. The symbols for fluorine and copper arc F and Cu. 2. Fluorine forms compounds with all the elements except the lighter inert gases. 3. Hold (keep) the test-tube in hot water. 4. Even asbestos reacts very vigorously (intensively) with fluorine. 5. The substancc is callcd incandescent when

it is heated so much that it is giving out light. 6. Chemists expect (believe, hope) that some new elements will be synthesized. 7. The oxidizing power (ability to oxidize) of an clcctrodc can be increased.

Слова к тексту:
attribute to— относить к; wood— дрсвссина; rubber — каучук, резина; burst into flame — загореться; stream — поток; thin — тонкий; layer — слой; affinity — сродство; it took him — ему потребовалось
Text 9 В
Прочтите текст про себя (контрольное время чтения — 4 минуты).
Fluorine
Fluorine, the lightest of the halogens, is the most rcactivc of all the elements, and it forms compounds with all the elements except the lighter inert gases. This great reactivity may be attributed to the large value of its clcctroncgativity. Substances such as wood and rubber burst into flame when they arc held in a stream of fluorine, and even asbestos (a silicate of magnesium and aluminium) reacts vigorously with it and bccomcs incandcsccnt. Platinum is attacked only slowly by fluorine. Copper and steel can be used as containers for the gas; they arc attacked by it, but bccomc coatcd with a thin layer of coppcr fluoride or iron fluoride, which then protects them against further attack.
Bccausc its clcctroncgativity is greater than that of any other element, wc cannot cxpcct that fluorine could be prepared by reaction of any other element with a fluoride. It could have been made, however, by clcctrolysis of fluorides, sincc the oxidizing power (clcctron affinity) of an clcctrodc can be increased without limit by increasing the applied voltage. Fluorine was first obtained by the French chcmist Henri Moissan (1852-1907) in 1886 by the clcctrolysis of a solution of KF in liquid HF. The work must

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bavc been extremely difficult, for it took him several years of hard experimenting to obtain free fluorine gas.
Упр. 4. Скажите, узнали ли вы что-нибудь новое нз текста 9 В? Если узнали, то что именно?
Упр. 5. Разделите текст на тематические часто н озаглавьте каж­ дую часть.
Упр. б. Скажите, что говорится в тексте:
1) о способности фтора соединяться с другими элементами; 2) о том, чем объясняется высокая реакционная способность фтора; 3) о воздей­ ствии фтора на асбест; 4) о том, как фтор был впервые получен.
Упр. 7. Найдите в тексте отрывок, гае описываются возможности получения фтора и переведите его на русский язык.