Cambridge Grammar of English Hardback with cd-rom a comprehensive Guide

Û

539 Glossary for any unfamiliar terms

Grammar and academic English | 289

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LINKING ADJUNCTS

152

The use of linking adjuncts (

Û

136

) is important in academic language, especially

in writing, to give coherence to the text and to organise it. 

Academic English uses many linking adjuncts which are not frequent in

everyday conversational English. The following occur frequently in academic

contexts but only very infrequently in day-to-day conversational language:

● Additive: adding further ideas (

Û

136b

):

The national income grew roughly 2.5 times between 1945 and 1990 and

earnings in real terms grew, if anything, even more rapidly. Household income

gained 

additionally from the higher proportion of women in paid jobs.

● Resultative: expressing causes, reasons, results, consequences (

Û

136c

):

The behaviour of dark matter is governed entirely by gravitational forces, and

hence is easy to incorporate theoretically – both in calculations and in

computer simulations.

● Contrastive: contrasting, opposing (

Û

136d

):

Histories of literacy and print culture had also cultivated an interest in visual

media. These studies 

nonetheless generally focused on print rather than

writing.

● Organisational: organising and structuring the text, listing:

This reviewer might wish to question particular judgements here and there, but

in sum this is a fascinating and thought-provoking book.

finally

firstly, secondly,

thirdly

in brief

in conclusion

in its/in their turn

in short

in sum

in summary

lastly

respectively

subsequently

by/in contrast

conversely

however

nevertheless 

nonetheless

on the contrary

on the one hand … on

the other hand

accordingly 

as a consequence

as a result

consequently

hence 

in consequence

in (the) light of

this/that

in view of this/that

therefore

thus

additionally

equally 

furthermore

in addition

likewise

moreover

similarly

290 | Grammar and academic English

Cambridge Grammar of English

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Note also that a number of non-finite clausal constructions are used in academic

texts to signal summaries (to sum up, summing up, to conclude, to summarise).