William Dean Howells
, a novelist and influential editor, was the primary spokesperson and even
arbiter for Realistic literature. He advocated specific criteria for good literature, that is, for Realistic
literature: it should be truthful, it should depict ordinary people, it should maintain an objective point of
view, its characters should be convincingly motivated, its characters should speak the actual language used
by real people, it should include no contrived events, and it should only include events of a recent time and a
specific place. Needless to say, the literature of the period didn’t always conform to this list, and to modern
reader’s Howell’s program sounds rather naïve, but his emphases did not characterize the period.
2.
Characteristics of the creative methodology of Walt Whitman. His methodological innovations,
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