How to Master the ielts

[Q107]
It’s from an old school book.
PAUL: 
Yes, I like the colours; it stands out very well. But I think you should move 
[Q108] 
it and attach it to the Introduction.
HANNAH: OK, that’s a good idea. I’ll move it straight away. Now I need to insert
this table showing carbon­emissions for different types of personal 
transport, based on official government figures.
PAUL: 
Well just hold on a moment. Have you saved your work yet?
HANNAH: No. I’d better do that first. I don’t want to lose anything.
PAUL: 
Right. Now use the paste special command so it imports the table as 
a graphic file. This is going into the second box is it?
HANNAH: 
[Q109]
No, the next one after it.
PAUL: 
Yes, that looks very neat, but can I make a suggestion?
HANNAH: Yes, go on. What is it?
PAUL: 
Well, you haven’t put your name anywhere. You can put it below the title, 
though in a smaller font obviously.
HANNAH: OK, I’ll do that.
PAUL: 
And it would look more professional if you inserted the College logo.
HANNAH: Well where can I find it?
PAUL: 
[Q110] 
Try the College’s home page. Put it in the two top corners.
Then you’re just about done.

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HOW TO MASTER THE IELTS
148
Section 
4
Good morning. I’m Professor Menzies, and I’ve been asked here today to talk about 
diagrams. By way of introduction, I’d like to run through the history of diagrams
from the earliest times… mainly because we need to be clear about what we mean 
by the word diagram, as opposed to other similar terms such as picture, illustration, 
or sign.
Historically, it’s important to make these distinctions because, for example, rock 
art can be traced back tens of thousands of years, as in the depiction of wild
[Q111]
animals in cave paintings in Europe, or in Aboriginal rock art; these pro­
bably reflect early man’s respect for animals or have religious significance. 
Either way, images like this are not classed as diagrams, only pictures or 
illustrations. Similarly, we can also discount the hieroglyphics, carved into
[Q112]
stone in Egyptian writing, where pictures were used to indicate words or 
sounds. We still use pictures to convey messages today, for example, 
traffic signs to indicate speed limits, but pictures like this are not classed as 
diagrams.
Instead, a diagram is a drawing showing a relationship between the objects 
in the diagram. An early example of a diagram can be found in Pythagoras’s 
theorem of around 500 BC. In this theorem, the square drawn on the
longest side of a right­angled triangle has an area equal to the sum of
the squares on the other two sides. Three hundred years later, another Greek 
[Q113] 
mathematician, namely Archimedes, also a scientist and astron omer, drew 
numerous diagrams associated with his many theories, ideas and inven­
tions, which still abound today. For example, Archimedes used geometric 
drawings to calculate the mathematical constant Pi; the ratio of a circle’s 
circumference to its diameter. 
Another well­known type of diagram is the map. Maps can be traced back 
over 500 years. The Wikipedia dictionary defines a map as a ‘diagrammatic
[Q114]
representation of an area of land or sea showing physical features, cities, 
roads, etc’: for example ‘a street map’. The inclusion of axes and co­ordinates 
in maps and charts had to wait until the 17th century, invented by Descartes.
In the modern era we still think of diagrams in terms of maps, charts and
[Q115]
graphs, but also as any drawing that aids the comprehension of complex 
information by displaying it in a visual way. In the mid 19th century, the

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AUDIO­SCRIPTS FOR THE LISTENING TESTS