READING SECTION ExPANDED ANSWERS
221
words
came to light
in the passage and the word
harm
replaces the word
jeopardize
.
Q320 J. choices.
(fifth paragraph) The answer is
choices
because
‘
thereby
denying patients the right to judge for themselves what is best for their
own bodies
’
means the same as: patients should not be denied the right
to make choices about their own treatment.
Vertical
transport
A
The raising of water from a well using a bucket suspended from a rope can be
traced back to ancient times. (Q358)
If the rope was passed over a pulley wheel it
made the lifting less strenuous. The method could be improved upon by attaching an
empty bucket to the opposite end of the rope
, then lowering it down the well as the
full bucket came up, to counterbalance the weight.
B
Some medieval monasteries were perched on the tops of cliffs that could not be
readily scaled. To overcome the problem, a basket was lowered to the base of the
cliff on the end of a rope coiled round a wooden rod, known as a windlass. It was
possible to lift heavy weights with a windlass, especially if a small cog wheel on the
cranking handle drove a larger cog wheel on a second rod. (Q348)
Materials and
people were hoisted in this fashion
but it was a slow process and if the rope were to
break the basket plummeted to the ground.
C
In the middle of the nineteenth century the general public considered elevators
supported by a rope to be too dangerous for personal use. (Q349)
Without an
elevator, the height of a commercial building was limited by the number of steps
people could be expected to climb within an economic time period
. It was the
American inventor and manufacturer Elisha Graves Otis (1811–61) who finally solved
the problem of passenger elevators.
D
(Q353) In
1852
, Otis pioneered the idea of a safety brake, and
two years later he
demonstrated it
in spectacular fashion at the New York Crystal Palace Exhibition of
Industry. Otis stood on the lifting platform, four storeys above an expectant crowd.
The
rope was cut, and after a small jolt, the platform came to a halt. Otis’
stunt
increased people’s confidence in elevators and sales increased.
E
(Q350) The operating principle of the safety elevator was described and
illustrated
in its pattern documentation of 1861. The lifting platform was suspended between
two vertical posts each lined with a toothed guide rail. A hook was set into the sides
HOW TO MASTER THE IELTS
222
of the platform to engage with the teeth, allowing movement vertically upwards but
not downwards. Descent of the elevator was possible only if the hooks were pulled
in, which could only happen when the rope was in tension. If the rope were to break,
the tension would be lost and the hooks would spring outwards to engage the teeth
and stop the fall. Modern elevators incorporate similar safety mechanisms.
F
(Q351) Otis installed the first passenger elevator in a store in New York City in
1957
.
Following the success of the elevator, taller buildings were constructed, and sales
increased once more as the business expanded into Europe. England’s first Otis
passenger elevator (or lift as the British say)
appeared
four years later with the
opening of London’s Grosvenor Hotel
. Today, the Otis Elevator Company continues
to be the world’s leading manufacturer of elevators, employing over 60,000 people
with markets in 200 countries. More significantly perhaps, the advent of passenger
lifts marked the birth of the modern skyscraper.
G
Passenger elevators were powered by steam prior to
1902
. A rope carrying the cab
was wound round a revolving drum driven by a steam engine. The method was too
slow for a tall building, which needed a large drum to hold a long coil of rope. (Q355)
By the following year
, Otis had developed a compact electric traction elevator that
used a cable but did away with the winding gear, allowing the passenger cab to be
raised over 100 storeys both quickly and efficiently.
H
(Q352)
In the electric elevator, the cable was routed from the top of the passenger
cab to a pulley wheel at the head of the lift shaft and then back down to a weight
acting as a
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