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American Psychologist, 55
(1), 68–78.
23.
Loewenstein, G. (1994). The psychology of curiosity: A review and reinterpretation. 
Psychological


Bulletin, 116
(1): 75–98. More recent work can be found in Kang, M.J., 
et al.
(2009). The wick in the candle
of learning: Epistemic curiosity activates reward circuitry and enhances memory. 
Psychological Science,
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24.
Payne, J.D. (2010). Memory consolidation, the diurnal rhythm of cortisol, and the nature of dreams: A
new hypothesis. In A. Clow & P. McNamara (Eds.), 
International Review of Neurobiology,
vol. 92.
Waltham, MA: Academic Press.
25.
It’s true that there’s a tiny proportion of people who need less sleep, but researchers have only ever
found a few people who are truly “short sleepers.” Daniel Buysse, professor of psychiatry and clinical and
translational science at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, says, “Out of every 100 people who
believe they only need five or six hours of sleep a night, only about five people really do.” Quoted in
Melinda Beck, “The sleepless elite,” 
Wall Street Journal
, April 5, 2011.
26.
Czeisler, C., & Fryer, B. (2006). A conversation with Harvard Medical School professor Charles A.
Czeisler. 
Harvard Business Review
, October.
27.
For a great review of the evidence on the benefits of exercise, including many references to studies that
are themselves meta-analyses, see Ratey, J.J., & Loehr, J.E. (2011). The positive impact of physical activity
on cognition during adulthood: A review of underlying mechanisms, evidence and recommendations.
Reviews in the Neurosciences, 22
(2), 171–185. For a meta-analysis of 150 studies showing beneficial
workplace effects, see also Conn, V.S., 
et al.
(2009). Meta-analysis of workplace physical interventions.
American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 37
(4), 330–339.
28.
For a full list of references, see Ratey, J.J., & Loehr, J.E. (2011). The positive impact of physical
activity on cognition during adulthood: A review of underlying mechanisms, evidence and
recommendations. 
Reviews in the Neurosciences, 22
(2), 171–185.
29.
Coulson, J.C., 
et al.
(2008). Exercising at work and self-reported work performance. 
International
Journal of Workplace Health Management, 1
(3), 176–197.
30.
From the website for Ratey’s book: Ratey, J.J. (2008). 
Spark: The Revolutionary New Science of
Exercise and the Brain.
New York: Little, Brown. 
http://sparkinglife.org/page/why-exercise-works
.
31.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2008). 
Physical Activity Guidelines, Advisory
Committee Report
. The guidelines suggest 500 MET minutes each week, equivalent to 150 minutes of
moderate aerobic activity. For a narrative description of the implications of this report, see: Reynolds, G.
(2012). 
The First 20 Minutes: Surprising Science Reveals How We Can Exercise Better, Train Smarter,
Live Longer.
New York: Hudson Street Press.
32.
For example, on emotional regulation: Farb, N.A., 
et al.
(2010). Minding one’s emotions: Mindfulness
training alters the neural expression of sadness. 
Emotion, 10
(1), 25–33. On working memory and
concentration: Mrazek, M.D., 
et al.
(2013). Mindfulness training improves working memory capacity and
GRE performance while reducing mind wandering. 
Psychological Science,
24
(5), 776–781. With military
personnel: Jha, A.P., 
et al.
(2010). Examining the protective effects of mindfulness training on working
memory capacity and affective experience. 
Emotion, 10
(1), 54–64.
33.
Hasenkamp, W., & Barsalou, L.W. (2012). Effects of meditation experience on functional connectivity
of distributed brain networks. 
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,
6
, 38; Farb, N.A., 
et al.
(2010). Minding
one’s emotions: Mindfulness training alters the neural expression of sadness. 
Emotion, 10
(1), 25–33;
Holzel, B.K., 
et al.
(2010). Stress reduction correlates with structural changes in the amygdala. 
Social
Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 5
(1), 11–17; Brewer, J.A., 
et al.
(2011). Meditation experience is
associated with differences in default mode network activity and connectivity. 
Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences USA,
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(50), 20254–20259.
34.
Moyer, C.A., 
et al.
(2011). Frontal electroencephalographic asymmetry associated with positive
emotion is produced by very brief meditation training. 
Psychological Science, 22
(10), 1277–1279. Other
studies showing positive benefits of mindfulness from modest amounts of practice include this study which
saw lasting changes in cognitive performance after just four days of practice: Zeidan, F., 
et al.
(2010).


Mindfulness meditation improves cognition: Evidence of brief mental training. 
Consciousness and
Cognition, 19
(2), 597–605.
35.
This philosophy runs through Langer’s book: Langer, E. (1989). 
Mindfulness.
Reading, MA: Addison
Wesley.



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