How language shapes the way we think Tillar fikirladhimizga qanday taʼsir qiladi

How language shapes the way we think
Tillar fikirladhimizga qanday taʼsir qiladi.

So, I'll be speaking to you

using language ...
Xoʻsh, til ko'nikmalarimdan foydalanib,
maʼruzani olib boraman.

Xoʻsh, til ko'nikmalarimdan foydalanib,

maʼruzani olib boraman.

because I can.

Chunki bu qoʻlimdan keladi.

This is one these magical abilities

that we humans have.
Til biz, insoniyat ega boʻlgan
eng sehrli koʻnikmalardan biridir.

We can transmit really complicated

thoughts to one another.
U orqali chindan ham murakkab fikrlarni
bir-birimiz bilan boʻlisha olamiz.

So what I'm doing right now is,

I'm making sounds with my mouth
Demak, men hozir nima qilyabman?
Men nafas chiqarish mobaynida

So what I'm doing right now is,

I'm making sounds with my mouth

So what I'm doing right now is,

I'm making sounds with my mouth
tovushlar hosil qilyabman.

tovushlar hosil qilyabman.

as I'm exhaling.

tovushlar hosil qilyabman.

I'm making tones and hisses and puffs,

Mening pishillash va vishillashlarim

and those are creating

air vibrations in the air.
havoda tebranish hosil qilmoqda.

Those air vibrations are traveling to you,

Bu tebranishlar havo orqali

Those air vibrations are traveling to you,

Those air vibrations are traveling to you,

sizning quloq pardangiznga yetib bormoqda.

sizning quloq pardangiznga yetib bormoqda.

they're hitting your eardrums,

sizning quloq pardangiznga yetib bormoqda.

and then your brain takes

those vibrations from your eardrums
Soʻng ushbu tebranishlar
miyangiz tomonidan tahlil qilinib,

and transforms them into thoughts.

fikrlarga aylanadi.

Shunday deb umid qilaman.

I hope.
Shunday deb umid qilaman.

I hope.

I hope.
(Kulgu)

(Kulgu)

(Laughter)
(Kulgu)

(Laughter)

(Laughter)

Umid qilamanki, shunday boʻlyapti.

Umid qilamanki, shunday boʻlyapti.

I hope that's happening.

Umid qilamanki, shunday boʻlyapti.

Umid qilamanki, shunday boʻlyapti.

So because of this ability,

we humans are able to transmit our ideas
Umid qilamanki, shunday boʻlyapti.

So because of this ability,

we humans are able to transmit our ideas

So because of this ability,

we humans are able to transmit our ideas
Aynan shu qobiliyatimiz bizga
oʻz fikrlarimizni

So because of this ability,

we humans are able to transmit our ideas

So because of this ability,

we humans are able to transmit our ideas
vaqt va makonlar osha boshqalarga yetkaza
olish imkonini beradi.

vaqt va makonlar osha boshqalarga yetkaza

olish imkonini beradi.

across vast reaches of space and time.

vaqt va makonlar osha boshqalarga yetkaza
olish imkonini beradi.

We're able to transmit

knowledge across minds.
Biz istalgan bilimni
boshqalar bilan ulashishimiz mumkin.

I can put a bizarre new idea

in your mind right now.
Men hoziroq bir gʻayrioddiy fikrni
siz bilan boʻlishishim mumkin.

I could say,

Aytaylik,

"Imagine a jellyfish waltzing in a library

"Kvant mexanikasi haqida fikrlayotib,

"Imagine a jellyfish waltzing in a library

"Imagine a jellyfish waltzing in a library

kutubxonada vals tushayotgan meduzalarni
tasavvur qiling".

kutubxonada vals tushayotgan meduzalarni

tasavvur qiling".

while thinking about quantum mechanics."

kutubxonada vals tushayotgan meduzalarni
tasavvur qiling".

(Laughter)

(Kulgu)

Now, if everything has gone

relatively well in your life so far,
Agar hayotingiz shu paytgacha
nisbatan yaxshi kechgan boʻlsa,

Now, if everything has gone

relatively well in your life so far,

Now, if everything has gone

relatively well in your life so far,
avval bu fikr sizning hayolingizga
kelmagan.

avval bu fikr sizning hayolingizga

kelmagan.

you probably haven't had

that thought before.
avval bu fikr sizning hayolingizga
kelmagan.

you probably haven't had

that thought before.

you probably haven't had

that thought before.
(Kulgu)

(Kulgu)

(Laughter)
(Kulgu)

(Laughter)

(Laughter)

Biroq hozirgina til imkoniyatlaridan
foydalanib,

Biroq hozirgina til imkoniyatlaridan

foydalanib,

But now I've just made you think it,

Biroq hozirgina til imkoniyatlaridan
foydalanib,

Biroq hozirgina til imkoniyatlaridan

foydalanib,

through language.

Biroq hozirgina til imkoniyatlaridan
foydalanib,

through language.

through language.

sizni bu haqida oʻylashga
majbur qildim.

sizni bu haqida oʻylashga

majbur qildim.

Now of course, there isn't just

one language in the world,
sizni bu haqida oʻylashga
majbur qildim.

Now of course, there isn't just

one language in the world,

Now of course, there isn't just

one language in the world,
Tabiiyki, dunyoda bittagina til
mavjud emas.

Now of course, there isn't just

one language in the world,

Now of course, there isn't just

one language in the world,
Dunyo aholisi 7000 xil
tilda muloqot qiladi.

Dunyo aholisi 7000 xil

tilda muloqot qiladi.

there are about 7,000 languages

spoken around the world.
Dunyo aholisi 7000 xil
tilda muloqot qiladi.

there are about 7,000 languages

spoken around the world.

there are about 7,000 languages

spoken around the world.
Bu tillarning hammasi bir-biridan
turli jihatlari bilan farq qiladi.

Bu tillarning hammasi bir-biridan

turli jihatlari bilan farq qiladi.

And all the languages differ

from one another in all kinds of ways.
Bu tillarning hammasi bir-biridan
turli jihatlari bilan farq qiladi.

Some languages have different sounds,

Baʼzi tillarning tovushlari farqli,

they have different vocabularies,

ularning soʻzlari turlicha,

and they also have different structures --

hamda ularning tuzilish tarkibi boshqacha–

very importantly, different structures.

mana shu narsa juda muhim.

Shunda bir savol paydo boʻladi:

That begs the question:

Shunda bir savol paydo boʻladi:

That begs the question:

That begs the question:

Biz soʻzlayotgan til
fikrlashimizni shakllantira oladimi?

Biz soʻzlayotgan til

fikrlashimizni shakllantira oladimi?

Does the language we speak

shape the way we think?
Biz soʻzlayotgan til
fikrlashimizni shakllantira oladimi?

Does the language we speak

shape the way we think?

Does the language we speak

shape the way we think?
Bu savolga azaldan javob qidiriladi.

Bu savolga azaldan javob qidiriladi.

Now, this is an ancient question.

Bu savolga azaldan javob qidiriladi.

Bu savolga azaldan javob qidiriladi.

People have been speculating

about this question forever.
Bu savolga azaldan javob qidiriladi.

People have been speculating

about this question forever.

People have been speculating

about this question forever.
Bu borada insoniyat qadimdan
taxminlar qilib kelmoqda.

Charlemagne, Holy Roman emperor, said,

Buyuk Karl shunday degan edi:

"To have a second language

is to have a second soul" --
"Ikkinchi tilni bilish
ikkinchi qalbga ega boʻlish degani".

strong statement

that language crafts reality.
Til voqeʼlikni yaratishi haqidagi
juda kuchli fikr-a?

Til voqeʼlikni yaratishi haqidagi

juda kuchli fikr-a?

But on the other hand,

Shakespeare has Juliet say,
Biroq, Shekspirning Juliettasi
boshqacha fikrni aytgandi:

But on the other hand,

Shakespeare has Juliet say,

But on the other hand,

Shakespeare has Juliet say,
"Nom degan nima?

"Nom degan nima?

"What's in a name?

"Nom degan nima?

"What's in a name?

"What's in a name?

Gulning nomi oʻzga boʻlsa nima boʻlurdi:
Oʻzga nomda xushboʻyligi oʻzgararmidi?"

Gulning nomi oʻzga boʻlsa nima boʻlurdi:

Oʻzga nomda xushboʻyligi oʻzgararmidi?"

A rose by any other name

would smell as sweet."
Gulning nomi oʻzga boʻlsa nima boʻlurdi:
Oʻzga nomda xushboʻyligi oʻzgararmidi?"

Gulning nomi oʻzga boʻlsa nima boʻlurdi:

Oʻzga nomda xushboʻyligi oʻzgararmidi?"

Well, that suggests that maybe

language doesn't craft reality.
Gulning nomi oʻzga boʻlsa nima boʻlurdi:
Oʻzga nomda xushboʻyligi oʻzgararmidi?"

Well, that suggests that maybe

language doesn't craft reality.

Well, that suggests that maybe

language doesn't craft reality.
Demak, til voqeʼlikni yaratmas, balki.

These arguments have gone

back and forth for thousands of years.
Shu asnodagi bahs-munozaralar
ming yillarki davom etmoqda.

But until recently,

there hasn't been any data
Yaqin oragacha
qay fikrni isbotlash uchun boʻlsa ham,

to help us decide either way.

bizda yetarli dalil boʻlmagan.

Recently, in my lab

and other labs around the world,
Biroz avval
dunyo olimlari bilan bir qatorda

Recently, in my lab

and other labs around the world,

Recently, in my lab

and other labs around the world,
men ham oʻz tadqiqotlarimni boshladim.

men ham oʻz tadqiqotlarimni boshladim.

we've started doing research,

men ham oʻz tadqiqotlarimni boshladim.

men ham oʻz tadqiqotlarimni boshladim.

and now we have actual scientific data

to weigh in on this question.
men ham oʻz tadqiqotlarimni boshladim.

and now we have actual scientific data

to weigh in on this question.

and now we have actual scientific data

to weigh in on this question.
Ana endi bizda bu savolga javob berishga
yetarli ilmiy dalillar bor.

So let me tell you about

some of my favorite examples.
Keling, sizga
eng yoqtirganlarimni aytib beraman.

I'll start with an example

from an Aboriginal community in Australia
Birinchi misolim Avstraliyaning
mahalliy aholisi haqida boʻladi.

I'll start with an example

from an Aboriginal community in Australia

I'll start with an example

from an Aboriginal community in Australia
Bir vaqtlar ular bilan ishlagandim.

Bir vaqtlar ular bilan ishlagandim.

that I had the chance to work with.

Bir vaqtlar ular bilan ishlagandim.

that I had the chance to work with.

that I had the chance to work with.

Bu qabilaning nomi Kuuk Taayorre boʻlib,

Bu qabilaning nomi Kuuk Taayorre boʻlib,

These are the Kuuk Thaayorre people.

Bu qabilaning nomi Kuuk Taayorre boʻlib,

They live in Pormpuraaw

at the very west edge of Cape York.
ular Keyp Yorkning gʻarbiy qirgʻogʻidagi
Pormpuraav degan joyda yashashadi.

What's cool about Kuuk Thaayorre is,

Kuuk Taayorrening qiziq tarafi shundaki,

in Kuuk Thaayorre, they don't use

words like "left" and "right,"
ularning tilida "chap", "oʻng"
degan soʻzlar yoʻq.

and instead, everything

is in cardinal directions:
Buning oʻrniga ular ufq tomonlari:

north, south, east and west.

shimol, janub, sharq, gʻarbni
ishlatishadi

shimol, janub, sharq, gʻarbni

ishlatishadi

And when I say everything,

I really mean everything.
Bu jumlalar hamma narsaga nisbatan
qoʻllaniladi.

And when I say everything,

I really mean everything.

And when I say everything,

I really mean everything.
Bu taxminan shunday yangrashi mumkin:

Bu taxminan shunday yangrashi mumkin:

You would say something like,

Bu taxminan shunday yangrashi mumkin:

Bu taxminan shunday yangrashi mumkin:

"Oh, there's an ant

on your southwest leg."
Bu taxminan shunday yangrashi mumkin:

"Oh, there's an ant

on your southwest leg."

"Oh, there's an ant

on your southwest leg."
"Voy, oyogʻingning janubi-gʻarbida
chumoli yuribdi".

"Voy, oyogʻingning janubi-gʻarbida

chumoli yuribdi".

Yoki:
"Kosangni biroz shimoli-sharqqa sur".

Or, "Move your cup

to the north-northeast a little bit."
Yoki:
"Kosangni biroz shimoli-sharqqa sur".

In fact, the way that you say "hello"

in Kuuk Thaayorre is you say,
Aslida, Kuuk Taayorre tilida
"salom" ham quyidagicha:

"Which way are you going?"

"Qaysi tomonga ketyabsan?"

And the answer should be,

Unga javoban taxminan shunday deysiz:

Unga javoban taxminan shunday deysiz:

"North-northeast in the far distance.

"Uzoq shimoli-sharqqa.

How about you?"

Oʻzingchi?"

So imagine as you're walking

around your day,
Tasavvur qiling,
shunchaki piyoda yuribsiz.

So imagine as you're walking

around your day,

So imagine as you're walking

around your day,
Yoʻlingizdan chiqqan har bir odamga

Yoʻlingizdan chiqqan har bir odamga

every person you greet,

Yoʻlingizdan chiqqan har bir odamga

every person you greet,

every person you greet,

qay tomonga otlanganingizni
aytishingiz kerak.

qay tomonga otlanganingizni

aytishingiz kerak.

you have to report your heading direction.

qay tomonga otlanganingizni
aytishingiz kerak.

(Laughter)

(Kulgu)

But that would actually get you

oriented pretty fast, right?
Lekin bu sizga moʻljalni aniqlab olishda
yordam beradi. Shunday emasmi?

Because you literally

couldn't get past "hello,"
Chunki qayerga ketayotganingizni
bilmasangiz,

if you didn't know

which way you were going.
"salom"dan uyogʻiga oʻtolmaysiz.

Aslida, shu kabi tillarda soʻzlashuvchilar

moʻljal aniqlashda usta boʻladi.

In fact, people who speak languages

like this stay oriented really well.
Aslida, shu kabi tillarda soʻzlashuvchilar
moʻljal aniqlashda usta boʻladi.

In fact, people who speak languages

like this stay oriented really well.

In fact, people who speak languages

like this stay oriented really well.
U odamzot yoʻnalish aniqlashda oʻylagandan
koʻra yaxshiroqligini koʻrsatadi.

U odamzot yoʻnalish aniqlashda oʻylagandan

koʻra yaxshiroqligini koʻrsatadi.

They stay oriented better

than we used to think humans could.
U odamzot yoʻnalish aniqlashda oʻylagandan
koʻra yaxshiroqligini koʻrsatadi.

U odamzot yoʻnalish aniqlashda oʻylagandan

koʻra yaxshiroqligini koʻrsatadi.

We used to think that humans

were worse than other creatures
U odamzot yoʻnalish aniqlashda oʻylagandan
koʻra yaxshiroqligini koʻrsatadi.

We used to think that humans

were worse than other creatures

We used to think that humans

were worse than other creatures
Biz inson ayrim biologik sabablar tufayli

We used to think that humans

were worse than other creatures

We used to think that humans

were worse than other creatures
bu borada boshqa jonzotlardan orqada
deb oʻylardik:

bu borada boshqa jonzotlardan orqada

deb oʻylardik:

because of some biological excuse:

bu borada boshqa jonzotlardan orqada
deb oʻylardik:

"Oh, we don't have magnets

in our beaks or in our scales."
"Ha, bizning tumshuq yo tangachalarimizda
magnitlar yoʻq".

"Oh, we don't have magnets

in our beaks or in our scales."

"Oh, we don't have magnets

in our beaks or in our scales."
Yoʻq, agar sizning til va madaniyatingiz
sizni shu narsaga azaldan oʻrgatsa,

Yoʻq, agar sizning til va madaniyatingiz

sizni shu narsaga azaldan oʻrgatsa,

No; if your language and your culture

trains you to do it,
Yoʻq, agar sizning til va madaniyatingiz
sizni shu narsaga azaldan oʻrgatsa,

Yoʻq, agar sizning til va madaniyatingiz

sizni shu narsaga azaldan oʻrgatsa,

actually, you can do it.

Yoʻq, agar sizning til va madaniyatingiz
sizni shu narsaga azaldan oʻrgatsa,

actually, you can do it.

actually, you can do it.

siz buni qila olasiz.

There are humans around the world

who stay oriented really well.
Dunyoda tomonlarni yaxshi aniqlay oladigan
kishilar juda koʻp.

And just to get us in agreement

Bu narsa aslida qanchalik qiyin ekanligini

about how different this is

from the way we do it,
isbotlash uchun, keling,
bir narsa qilamiz:

I want you all to close

your eyes for a second
bir soniyaga koʻzingizni yuming-da,

janubi-sharq tomonni koʻrsating

and point southeast.

janubi-sharq tomonni koʻrsating

(Laughter)

(Kulgu)

Keep your eyes closed. Point.

Koʻzingizni yuming va koʻrsating.

OK, so you can open your eyes.

Xoʻp mayli,
koʻzingizni ochishingiz mumkin.

I see you guys pointing there,

there, there, there, there ...
Biringiz bu, boshqangiz bu va bu
taraflarni koʻrsatyabsiz.

Qaysi tomonda ekanligini

oʻzim ham bilmayman.

I don't know which way it is myself --

Qaysi tomonda ekanligini
oʻzim ham bilmayman.

(Laughter)

(Kulgu)

You have not been a lot of help.

Sizdan ham foyda kam ekan.

(Laughter)

(Kulgu)

(Laughter)

(Laughter)

Bu borada xonadagilardan
aniq javob chiqmadi deb qoʻya qolamiz.

Bu borada xonadagilardan

aniq javob chiqmadi deb qoʻya qolamiz.

So let's just say the accuracy

in this room was not very high.
Bu borada xonadagilardan
aniq javob chiqmadi deb qoʻya qolamiz.

This is a big difference in cognitive

ability across languages, right?
Bu turli tillar ongimizga turlicha taʼsir
qilishini koʻrsatadi-a?

Where one group -- very

distinguished group like you guys --
Bir guruh vakillari, yaʼni siz,

Where one group -- very

distinguished group like you guys --

Where one group -- very

distinguished group like you guys --
qay tomon qayerda ekanligini
bilmagan bir paytda

qay tomon qayerda ekanligini

bilmagan bir paytda

doesn't know which way is which,

qay tomon qayerda ekanligini
bilmagan bir paytda

but in another group,

boshqa guruh vakillarida

I could ask a five-year-old

and they would know.
5 yoshli bola ham bu narsani biladi.

(Laughter)

(Kulgu)

There are also really big differences

in how people think about time.
Yana turli tilda suhbatlashuvchilarda
vaqtni his qilish ham farq qiladi.

So here I have pictures

of my grandfather at different ages.
Bu yerda bobomning turli yoshdagi
rasmlarini koʻrib turibsiz.

So here I have pictures

of my grandfather at different ages.

So here I have pictures

of my grandfather at different ages.
Agar ingliz tilida gaplashuvchilardan
vaqtni tartibi boʻyicha qoʻying desam,

Agar ingliz tilida gaplashuvchilardan

vaqtni tartibi boʻyicha qoʻying desam,

And if I ask an English speaker

to organize time,
Agar ingliz tilida gaplashuvchilardan
vaqtni tartibi boʻyicha qoʻying desam,

they might lay it out this way,

Ular buni quyidagicha,

they might lay it out this way,

they might lay it out this way,

chapdan oʻngga qarab taxlashadi.

chapdan oʻngga qarab taxlashadi.

from left to right.

chapdan oʻngga qarab taxlashadi.

chapdan oʻngga qarab taxlashadi.

This has to do with writing direction.

chapdan oʻngga qarab taxlashadi.

This has to do with writing direction.

This has to do with writing direction.

Bu qay tarafga qarab yozishga bogʻliq.

Bu qay tarafga qarab yozishga bogʻliq.

If you were a speaker of Hebrew or Arabic,

Bu qay tarafga qarab yozishga bogʻliq.

If you were a speaker of Hebrew or Arabic,

If you were a speaker of Hebrew or Arabic,

Agar siz arab yo yahudiy
tilida gaplashsangiz

Agar siz arab yo yahudiy

tilida gaplashsangiz

you might do it going

in the opposite direction,
Agar siz arab yo yahudiy
tilida gaplashsangiz

you might do it going

in the opposite direction,

you might do it going

in the opposite direction,
siz buni teskarisini qilasiz:

from right to left.

oʻngdan chapga.

Endi sizga aytib bergan mahalliy aholi

But how would the Kuuk Thaayorre,

Endi sizga aytib bergan mahalliy aholi

this Aboriginal group I just

told you about, do it?
Kuuk Taayorrelar
buni qanday qiladi deysizmi?

They don't use words

like "left" and "right."
Ularda "chap", "oʻng" degan narsa yoʻqku.

Let me give you hint.

Sizga kichik yordam beraman.

When we sat people facing south,

Ularni janub tomon yuzlatib qoʻysak,

they organized time from left to right.

ular rasmlarni chapdan oʻngga
taxladi.

When we sat them facing north,

Shimolga qaratsak esa,

they organized time from right to left.

oʻngdan chapga taxlashdi.

When we sat them facing east,

Sharq tomon yuzlanishganida

time came towards the body.

rasmlarni oʻzlariga qarab taxlashdi.

Bu yerda qandaydir mutanosiblik bor:

What's the pattern?

Bu yerda qandaydir mutanosiblik bor:

Bu yerda qandaydir mutanosiblik bor:

rasmlar doim sharqdan gʻarbga qarab

taxlanyapti.

East to west, right?

rasmlar doim sharqdan gʻarbga qarab
taxlanyapti.

So for them, time doesn't actually

get locked on the body at all,
Demak, ular uchun vaqt
bizning tanamizda emas,

it gets locked on the landscape.

atrof-muhitda yashiringan.

So for me, if I'm facing this way,

Agar men bu tomonga qarasam,

So for me, if I'm facing this way,

So for me, if I'm facing this way,

vaqt buyoqqa qarab ketadi.

vaqt buyoqqa qarab ketadi.

then time goes this way,

vaqt buyoqqa qarab ketadi.

and if I'm facing this way,

then time goes this way.
Agar buyoqqa yuzlansam,
vaqt buyoqqa ketyapti.

I'm facing this way, time goes this way --

Bu yerga qarasam, vaqt buyoqqa.

very egocentric of me to have

the direction of time chase me around
Har safar tanamni boshqa tarafga qaratib,
vaqtni oʻzgartirish

every time I turn my body.

biroz xudbinlik-a?

Kuuk Taayorreliklar uchun vaqt

landshaftda yashirin ekan.

For the Kuuk Thaayorre,

time is locked on the landscape.
Kuuk Taayorreliklar uchun vaqt
landshaftda yashirin ekan.

It's a dramatically different way

of thinking about time.
Bu vaqtni juda oʻzgacha qabul qilish.

Here's another really smart human trick.

Yana bir hiylani eshiting:

Suppose I ask you

how many penguins are there.
bu yerda nechta pingvin bor?

Well, I bet I know how you'd solve

that problem if you solved it.
Xoʻsh, bu masalani qay tarzda
yechishingizni bilaman.

You went, "One, two, three,

four, five, six, seven, eight."
"Bir, ikki, uch, toʻrt, besh
olti, yetti, sakkiz" –

You went, "One, two, three,

four, five, six, seven, eight."

You went, "One, two, three,

four, five, six, seven, eight."
siz ularni shunchaki sanadingiz.

siz ularni shunchaki sanadingiz.

You counted them.

siz ularni shunchaki sanadingiz.

You named each one with a number,

Siz har bir pingvinni
raqamladingiz.

Siz har bir pingvinni

raqamladingiz.

and the last number you said

was the number of penguins.
Siz har bir pingvinni
raqamladingiz.

and the last number you said

was the number of penguins.
Siz aytgan oxirgi son esa, pingvinlarning
umumiy soni.

This is a little trick

that you're taught to use as kids.
Bu kichik hiylani biz yoshlikdan bilamiz.

You learn the number list

and you learn how to apply it.
Siz raqamlar tartibini oʻrganib,
uni qanday qoʻllashni ham bilib borasiz.

Siz raqamlar tartibini oʻrganib,

uni qanday qoʻllashni ham bilib borasiz.

A little linguistic trick.

A little linguistic trick.

Kichik lingvistik fokus.

Xoʻsh, baʼzi tillarda bu narsa yoʻq.

Well, some languages don't do this,

Xoʻsh, baʼzi tillarda bu narsa yoʻq.

because some languages

don't have exact number words.
Chunki ularda raqamlar uchun
aniq bir soʻz yoʻq.

They're languages that don't have

a word like "seven"
Ularning tillarida "yetti"ga oʻxshagan
soʻzlar yoʻq.

or a word like "eight."

Yoki "sakkiz".

In fact, people who speak

these languages don't count,
Bu til soʻzlashuvchilari sanashmaydi.

and they have trouble

keeping track of exact quantities.
Shu sababli ham sanoq bilan bogʻliq
masalalarda ular qiynaladi.

So, for example, if I ask you

to match this number of penguins
Masalan, sizga yuqoridagi
pengvinlar soniga teng

to the same number of ducks,

o'rdaklarni tanlang desam,

you would be able to do that by counting.

siz buni darrov sanab, belgilaysiz.

But folks who don't have

that linguistic trick can't do that.
Bunday lingvistik xususiyati yo'q tillarda
suhbatlashuvchilar esa,bunday qila olmaydi

Bunday lingvistik xususiyati yo'q tillarda

suhbatlashuvchilar esa,bunday qila olmaydi

Languages also differ in how

they divide up the color spectrum --
Tillar ranglar spektrini belgilashda ham
farq qiladi.

Languages also differ in how

they divide up the color spectrum --

Languages also differ in how

they divide up the color spectrum --
Yaʼni, dunyoni turlicha koʻradi.

Yaʼni, dunyoni turlicha koʻradi.

the visual world.

Yaʼni, dunyoni turlicha koʻradi.

the visual world.

the visual world.

Baʼzi tillarda rangni ifodalovchi
soʻzlar juda koʻp,

Baʼzi tillarda rangni ifodalovchi

soʻzlar juda koʻp,

Some languages have

lots of words for colors,
Baʼzi tillarda rangni ifodalovchi
soʻzlar juda koʻp,

Some languages have

lots of words for colors,

Some languages have

lots of words for colors,
boshqalari esa bir necha juft bilan
cheklangan: "toʻq", "och"

boshqalari esa bir necha juft bilan

cheklangan: "toʻq", "och"

some have only a couple words,

"light" and "dark."
boshqalari esa bir necha juft bilan
cheklangan: "toʻq", "och"

boshqalari esa bir necha juft bilan

cheklangan: "toʻq", "och"

And languages differ in where they put

boundaries between colors.
boshqalari esa bir necha juft bilan
cheklangan: "toʻq", "och"

And languages differ in where they put

boundaries between colors.

And languages differ in where they put

boundaries between colors.
Ranglar orasidagi chegara ham turlicha.

So, for example, in English,

there's a word for blue
Masalan, ingliz tilida ekrandagi
barcha ranglarni

that covers all of the colors

that you can see on the screen,
bir soʻz bilan – "koʻk deymiz.

that covers all of the colors

that you can see on the screen,
Rus tilida esa, bunday bir soʻz yoʻq.

Rus tilida esa, bunday bir soʻz yoʻq.

but in Russian, there isn't a single word.

Rus tilida esa, bunday bir soʻz yoʻq.

but in Russian, there isn't a single word.

but in Russian, there isn't a single word.

Buning oʻrniga siz bu rangni guruhlarga
ajratasiz:

Buning oʻrniga siz bu rangni guruhlarga

ajratasiz:

Instead, Russian speakers

have to differentiate
Buning oʻrniga siz bu rangni guruhlarga
ajratasiz:

between light blue, "goluboy,"

moviy – "goluboy"

and dark blue, "siniy."

va toʻq koʻk – "siniy".

So Russians have this lifetime

of experience of, in language,
Demak, ruslar bu rangni
oʻzini taniganidan beri

distinguishing these two colors.

ikki xil qabul qilishadi.

When we test people's ability

to perceptually discriminate these colors,
Agar ranglarni bir-biridan ajratish
vazifasi berilsa,

When we test people's ability

to perceptually discriminate these colors,

When we test people's ability

to perceptually discriminate these colors,
ruslar boshqalarga nisbatan tezroq
ekanligini aniqladik.

ruslar boshqalarga nisbatan tezroq

ekanligini aniqladik.

what we find is that

Russian speakers are faster
ruslar boshqalarga nisbatan tezroq
ekanligini aniqladik.

what we find is that

Russian speakers are faster

what we find is that

Russian speakers are faster
Yaʼni, ularni aniqlab, aytib bera olishda.

Yaʼni, ularni aniqlab, aytib bera olishda.

across this linguistic boundary.

Yaʼni, ularni aniqlab, aytib bera olishda.

They're faster to be able

to tell the difference
Ular och va toʻq koʻk oʻrtasidagi

between a light and dark blue.

farqni tezroq ajrata oladi.

between a light and dark blue.

Agar odamlarga och koʻkdan toʻq koʻkgacha

boʻlgan spektrdagi ranglar koʻrsatilib,

And when you look at people's brains

as they're looking at colors --
Agar odamlarga och koʻkdan toʻq koʻkgacha
boʻlgan spektrdagi ranglar koʻrsatilib,

Agar odamlarga och koʻkdan toʻq koʻkgacha

boʻlgan spektrdagi ranglar koʻrsatilib,

say you have colors shifting slowly

from light to dark blue --
Agar odamlarga och koʻkdan toʻq koʻkgacha
boʻlgan spektrdagi ranglar koʻrsatilib,

say you have colors shifting slowly

from light to dark blue --

say you have colors shifting slowly

from light to dark blue --
jarayon davomida ularning miyasidagi
faoliyatni kuzatsak,

the brains of people who use

different words for light and dark blue
och va toʻq koʻk uchun alohida soʻz
ishlatadigan odamlarning miyasi

will give a surprised reaction

as the colors shift from light to dark,
ranglar spektri toʻqlashib borgan sari,
hayratlanish signalini beradi.

as if, "Ooh, something

has categorically changed,"
Xuddi:
"Biror narsa oʻzgardi, qara", degandek.

as if, "Ooh, something

has categorically changed,"

as if, "Ooh, something

has categorically changed,"
Bu rangni turlarga ajratmaydigan tillar,

Bu rangni turlarga ajratmaydigan tillar,

whereas the brains

of English speakers, for example,
Bu rangni turlarga ajratmaydigan tillar,

whereas the brains

of English speakers, for example,

whereas the brains

of English speakers, for example,
shu qatori ingliz tili soʻzlashuvchilarida

shu qatori ingliz tili soʻzlashuvchilarida

that don't make

this categorical distinction,
shu qatori ingliz tili soʻzlashuvchilarida

that don't make

this categorical distinction,

that don't make

this categorical distinction,
bunday oʻzgarish kuzatilmadi.

bunday oʻzgarish kuzatilmadi.

don't give that surprise,

bunday oʻzgarish kuzatilmadi.

because nothing is categorically changing.

Chunki ular hech qanday oʻzgarishni
koʻrishmayapti.

Chunki ular hech qanday oʻzgarishni

koʻrishmayapti.

Languages have all kinds

of structural quirks.
Tillar bunday oʻziga xos tuzilma
jihatlariga toʻla.

This is one of my favorites.

Bu menga eng yoqqanlaridan.

Lots of languages have grammatical gender;

Juda koʻp tillarda grammatik gender bor.

every noun gets assigned a gender,

often masculine or feminine.
Har bir ot asosan yo feminin (ayol),
yo maskulin (erkak) turlariga ajratiladi.

And these genders differ across languages.

Bu genderlar tillarga qarab farq qiladi.

So, for example, the sun is feminine

in German but masculine in Spanish,
Masalan, nemis tilida quyosh feminin,
ispan tilida esa maskulin.

and the moon, the reverse.

Oy esa, buning teskarisi.

Could this actually have any

consequence for how people think?
Bu insonlarning fikrlashiga
taʼsir qilarmikan?

Do German speakers think of the sun

as somehow more female-like,
Nemislar quyoshga "ayollarga xos",

and the moon somehow more male-like?

oyga esa, "erkakcha" taʼriflar berarmikan?

oyga esa, "erkakcha" taʼriflar berarmikan?

Actually, it turns out that's the case.

Maʼlum boʻlishicha, ha.

So if you ask German and Spanish speakers

to, say, describe a bridge,
Deylik,nemis va ispan tilida
suhbatlashuvchilarga koʻprik koʻrsatib –

like the one here --

shunga oʻxshash–

"bridge" happens to be grammatically

feminine in German,
uni taʼriflashni soʻraylik.
"Koʻprik" nemischada feminin

grammatically masculine in Spanish --

ispanchada esa, maskulin.

German speakers are more likely

to say bridges are "beautiful," "elegant"
Javob sifatida, nemislar koʻprikni
"goʻzal", "xushbichim" deb taʼriflaydi.

and stereotypically feminine words.

Stereotip boʻyicha
"ayollarga xos" soʻzlar-a?

Whereas Spanish speakers

will be more likely to say
Ispanlar esa, koʻprikni "erkaklarga xos":

Whereas Spanish speakers

will be more likely to say

Whereas Spanish speakers

will be more likely to say
"kuchli", "uzun" kabi soʻzlar bilan

"kuchli", "uzun" kabi soʻzlar bilan

they're "strong" or "long,"

"kuchli", "uzun" kabi soʻzlar bilan

these masculine words.

taʼriflashga moyil ekan.

(Laughter)

(Kulgu)

Languages also differ in how

they describe events, right?
Tillar bir voqeani turlicha taʼriflaydi,
toʻgʻrimi?

You take an event like this, an accident.

Aytaylik, bir tasodifiy vaziyat.

In English, it's fine to say,

"He broke the vase."
Inglizlarda: "U guldonni sindirdi"
deyish odatiy boʻlsa,

In a language like Spanish,

ispan tiliga oʻxshash tillar

you might be more likely

to say, "The vase broke,"
koʻproq: "Guldon sindi",
deyishi mumkin

or, "The vase broke itself."

yoki "Guldon oʻzi sindi"

If it's an accident, you wouldn't say

that someone did it.
Agar bu vaziyat tasodif boʻlsa,
ular buni birov qildi deyishmaydi.

In English, quite weirdly,

we can even say things like,
Oʻylab qarasak, ingliz tilida

In English, quite weirdly,

we can even say things like,

In English, quite weirdly,

we can even say things like,
"Men oyogʻimni sindirdim" deyish
biroz gʻalati ekan.

"Men oyogʻimni sindirdim" deyish

biroz gʻalati ekan.

"I broke my arm."

"Men oyogʻimni sindirdim" deyish
biroz gʻalati ekan.

"I broke my arm."

"I broke my arm."

Aksariyat tillarda bu gap tuzilishini

Aksariyat tillarda bu gap tuzilishini

Now, in lots of languages,

Aksariyat tillarda bu gap tuzilishini

Now, in lots of languages,

Now, in lots of languages,

ishlatish gʻalati eshitilishi mumkin.
Albatta, agar siz oyparast boʻlib,

ishlatish gʻalati eshitilishi mumkin.

Albatta, agar siz oyparast boʻlib,

you couldn't use that construction

unless you are a lunatic
ishlatish gʻalati eshitilishi mumkin.
Albatta, agar siz oyparast boʻlib,

you couldn't use that construction

unless you are a lunatic

you couldn't use that construction

unless you are a lunatic
oyogʻingizni sindirish uchun atay
koʻchaga chiqib ketmasangiz.

oyogʻingizni sindirish uchun atay

koʻchaga chiqib ketmasangiz.

and you went out

looking to break your arm --
oyogʻingizni sindirish uchun atay
koʻchaga chiqib ketmasangiz.

oyogʻingizni sindirish uchun atay

koʻchaga chiqib ketmasangiz.

(Laughter)

oyogʻingizni sindirish uchun atay
koʻchaga chiqib ketmasangiz.

(Laughter)

(Laughter)

(Kulgu)

and you succeeded.

Va sindirish qoʻlingizdan kelsa.

Va sindirish qoʻlingizdan kelsa.

If it was an accident,

you would use a different construction.
Va sindirish qoʻlingizdan kelsa.

If it was an accident,

you would use a different construction.

If it was an accident,

you would use a different construction.
Agar bu tasodif boʻlsa,
siz boshqacha gap qurilmasini ishlatasiz.

Agar bu tasodif boʻlsa,

siz boshqacha gap qurilmasini ishlatasiz.

Now, this has consequences.

Agar bu tasodif boʻlsa,
siz boshqacha gap qurilmasini ishlatasiz.

Now, this has consequences.

Now, this has consequences.

Buning oʻzgacha oqibatlari bor.

So, people who speak different languages

will pay attention to different things,
Bundan koʻrinadiki, turli til egalari
tillari qanday tuzilishiga qarab,

depending on what their language

usually requires them to do.
vaziyatdan boshqa-boshqa
narsani koʻradilar.

So we show the same accident

to English speakers and Spanish speakers,
Boyagi tasodifiy voqeaga qaytsak,

English speakers will remember who did it,

inglizlar ishni kim qilganini eslab qoladi

because English requires you

to say, "He did it; he broke the vase."
chunki ular: "U shuni qildi",
deb aytishlari kerak.

Whereas Spanish speakers might be

less likely to remember who did it
Ispanlar esa, tasodifiy holatlarda
kim bu vaziyatga tushganini

Whereas Spanish speakers might be

less likely to remember who did it

Whereas Spanish speakers might be

less likely to remember who did it
eslay olmasliklari mumkin.

eslay olmasliklari mumkin.

if it's an accident,

eslay olmasliklari mumkin.

but they're more likely to remember

that it was an accident.
Aksincha, bu tasodif ekanligiga
urgʻu beradilar.

but they're more likely to remember

that it was an accident.

but they're more likely to remember

that it was an accident.
Ular koʻproq ishning maqsadli
yoki tasodifligini eslab qoladilar.

Ular koʻproq ishning maqsadli

yoki tasodifligini eslab qoladilar.

They're more likely

to remember the intention.
Ular koʻproq ishning maqsadli
yoki tasodifligini eslab qoladilar.

Ular koʻproq ishning maqsadli

yoki tasodifligini eslab qoladilar.

So, two people watch the same event,

Ular koʻproq ishning maqsadli
yoki tasodifligini eslab qoladilar.

So, two people watch the same event,

So, two people watch the same event,

Aytaylik, ikki kishi bir vaziyatni kuzatdi

witness the same crime,

yoki oʻgʻrilikka guvoh boʻlishdi.

but end up remembering

different things about that event.
Biroq ular eslab qolgan narsalar
bir-biridan farq qiladi.

This has implications, of course,

for eyewitness testimony.
Shu narsaning taʼsiri
guvohlardan maʼlumot olayotganda,

ayb qoʻyish va jazo berish

jarayonlarida koʻrinadi.

It also has implications

for blame and punishment.
ayb qoʻyish va jazo berish
jarayonlarida koʻrinadi.

So if you take English speakers

Masalan, inglizlarni oladigan boʻlsak,

and I just show you

someone breaking a vase,
yuqoridagi guldon singan videoni
ularga koʻrsatsangiz,

yuqoridagi guldon singan videoni

ularga koʻrsatsangiz,

and I say, "He broke the vase,"

as opposed to "The vase broke,"
yuqoridagi guldon singan videoni
ularga koʻrsatsangiz,

and I say, "He broke the vase,"

as opposed to "The vase broke,"

and I say, "He broke the vase,"

as opposed to "The vase broke,"
Shu holda ular katta ehtimol bilan
"Guldon sindi" emas, "U guldonni sindirdi"

Shu holda ular katta ehtimol bilan

"Guldon sindi" emas, "U guldonni sindirdi"

deyishadi. Shunda siz voqeaga

guvoh boʻlsanggiz,

even though you can witness it yourself,

deyishadi. Shunda siz voqeaga
guvoh boʻlsanggiz,

deyishadi. Shunda siz voqeaga

guvoh boʻlsanggiz,

you can watch the video,

deyishadi. Shunda siz voqeaga
guvoh boʻlsanggiz,

you can watch the video,

you can watch the video,

videoni koʻrib turib ham,

videoni koʻrib turib ham,

you can watch the crime against the vase,

videoni koʻrib turib ham,

you can watch the crime against the vase,

you can watch the crime against the vase,

siz vaziyatga boshqacha
nazar bilan qaraysiz,

siz vaziyatga boshqacha

nazar bilan qaraysiz,

qahramonni jazolash ehtimolingiz

kattaroq boʻladi.

you will punish someone more,

qahramonni jazolash ehtimolingiz
kattaroq boʻladi.

you will blame someone more

if I just said, "He broke it,"
"U sindi" deyishni oʻrniga
"... uni sindirdi" deganimning oʻzi

"U sindi" deyishni oʻrniga

"... uni sindirdi" deganimning oʻzi

as opposed to, "It broke."

"U sindi" deyishni oʻrniga
"... uni sindirdi" deganimning oʻzi

as opposed to, "It broke."

as opposed to, "It broke."

birovni ayblash ehtimolini oshiradi.

birovni ayblash ehtimolini oshiradi.

The language guides

our reasoning about events.
Til vaziyatlarga qanday qarashimizni
belgilab beryapti.

Now, I've given you a few examples

Til bizning fikrlashimizni

of how language can profoundly

shape the way we think,
oʻzgartira olishiga misollar keltirdim.

and it does so in a variety of ways.

Buning yoʻllari esa, juda koʻp.

and it does so in a variety of ways.

and it does so in a variety of ways.

Tomonlarni va vaqtni aniqlash misollarida

Tomonlarni va vaqtni aniqlash misollarida

So language can have big effects,

Tomonlarni va vaqtni aniqlash misollarida

like we saw with space and time,

tilning ahamiyatini koʻrib chiqdik.

where people can lay out space and time

Bunda ishtirokchilar bir-biridan

in completely different

coordinate frames from each other.
oʻta farqli tarzda tomonlarni aniqlashdi.

Language can also have

really deep effects --
Til oʻta chuqur taʼsirga ham ega.

that's what we saw

with the case of number.
Buni raqamlar bilan bogʻliq
misolda koʻrdik.

Having count words in your language,

Tilingizda sanoq soʻzlari,

Having count words in your language,

Having count words in your language,

raqamlarni ifodalovchi soʻzlar boʻlishi

raqamlarni ifodalovchi soʻzlar boʻlishi

having number words,

raqamlarni ifodalovchi soʻzlar boʻlishi

opens up the whole world of mathematics.

matematika eshiklarini ochadi.

Of course, if you don't count,

you can't do algebra,
Siz sanay olmasangiz, algebra
nimaligini bilmaysiz.

you can't do any of the things

Natijada, mana shu xonani qurish

that would be required

to build a room like this
yoki shu videoni qilish uchun kerakli

or make this broadcast, right?

ishlarni qila olmaysiz,
toʻgʻrimi?

This little trick of number words

gives you a stepping stone
Tildagi ahamiyatsiz tuyilgan raqamlar
bilan bogʻliq bu jihat

This little trick of number words

gives you a stepping stone

into a whole cognitive realm.

boshqa bilimlar uchun
poydevor hisoblanadi.

boshqa bilimlar uchun

poydevor hisoblanadi.

Language can also have

really early effects,
Ranglar bilan bogʻliq
misolda koʻrganimizdek,

what we saw in the case of color.

tilning taʼsiri yoshligimizdanoq
seziladi.

what we saw in the case of color.

what we saw in the case of color.

Koʻrinishidan bular oddiy, avtomatik
qilinadigan qarorlarga o'xshaydi.

Koʻrinishidan bular oddiy, avtomatik

qilinadigan qarorlarga o'xshaydi.

These are really simple,

basic, perceptual decisions.
Koʻrinishidan bular oddiy, avtomatik
qilinadigan qarorlarga o'xshaydi.

We make thousands of them all the time,

Kuniga bunday qarorlardan
mingtasini qabul qilamiz.

Kuniga bunday qarorlardan

mingtasini qabul qilamiz.

and yet, language is getting in there

Kuniga bunday qarorlardan
mingtasini qabul qilamiz.

and yet, language is getting in there

and yet, language is getting in there

Biroq shu kichik koʻringan qarorlarda ham

Biroq shu kichik koʻringan qarorlarda ham

and fussing even with these tiny little

perceptual decisions that we make.
Biroq shu kichik koʻringan qarorlarda ham

and fussing even with these tiny little

perceptual decisions that we make.

and fussing even with these tiny little

perceptual decisions that we make.
biz foydalanayotgan til taʼsiri bor.

Language can have really broad effects.

Til juda keng taʼsirga ega.

So the case of grammatical gender

may be a little silly,
Grammatik genderga oid misollar
ahmoqona koʻrinar, balki.

but at the same time,

grammatical gender applies to all nouns.
Biroq grammatik gender ot soʻz
turkumidagi barcha soʻzlarga qoʻllaniladi.

but at the same time,

grammatical gender applies to all nouns.

but at the same time,

grammatical gender applies to all nouns.
Demakki, ot soʻz turkumida ifodalanuvchi
istalgan narsa haqidagi fikrlaringiz

Demakki, ot soʻz turkumida ifodalanuvchi

istalgan narsa haqidagi fikrlaringiz

That means language can shape

how you're thinking
Demakki, ot soʻz turkumida ifodalanuvchi
istalgan narsa haqidagi fikrlaringiz

Demakki, ot soʻz turkumida ifodalanuvchi

istalgan narsa haqidagi fikrlaringiz

about anything that can be

named by a noun.
Demakki, ot soʻz turkumida ifodalanuvchi
istalgan narsa haqidagi fikrlaringiz

about anything that can be

named by a noun.

about anything that can be

named by a noun.
til xususiyatlariga qarab oʻzgaradi.

That's a lot of stuff.

Bunday narsalar koʻp-a?

And finally, I gave you an example

of how language can shape things
Soʻngra biz aybni belgilash,
jazolash, guvoh xotirasi kabi

And finally, I gave you an example

of how language can shape things

And finally, I gave you an example

of how language can shape things
har bir inson oʻzidan kelib
baholaydigan

har bir inson oʻzidan kelib

baholaydigan

that have personal weight to us --

har bir inson oʻzidan kelib
baholaydigan

ideas like blame and punishment

or eyewitness memory.
jarayonlarda tilning oʻrnini
koʻrib chiqdik.

ideas like blame and punishment

or eyewitness memory.

ideas like blame and punishment

or eyewitness memory.
Kundalik hayotimizda bunday jarayonlar
katta ahamiyatga ega.

Kundalik hayotimizda bunday jarayonlar

katta ahamiyatga ega.

These are important things

in our daily lives.
Kundalik hayotimizda bunday jarayonlar
katta ahamiyatga ega.

Kundalik hayotimizda bunday jarayonlar

katta ahamiyatga ega.

Now, the beauty of linguistic diversity

is that it reveals to us
Tillardagi xilma-xillik
inson onggi qanchalik moslashuvchan,

just how ingenious and how flexible

the human mind is.
zukko ekanligini koʻrsatib beradi.

Human minds have invented

not one cognitive universe, but 7,000 --
Onggimiz birgina olamni emas,
7000 tasini koʻra biladi –

there are 7,000 languages

spoken around the world.
dunyoda 7000 ta til mavjud.

Va biz bundan-da koʻpini

oʻylab topa olamiz.

And we can create many more --

Va biz bundan-da koʻpini
oʻylab topa olamiz.

languages, of course, are living things,

Tillarning ham joni bor:

things that we can hone

and change to suit our needs.
biz ularni oʻz zaruriyatlarimizga qarab
oʻzgartira olamiz.

The tragic thing is that we're losing

so much of this linguistic diversity
Achinarlisi, biz tillardagi xilma-xillik
qadriga yetmayabmiz.

The tragic thing is that we're losing

so much of this linguistic diversity

The tragic thing is that we're losing

so much of this linguistic diversity
Hech ham.

Hech ham.

all the time.

Hech ham.

all the time.

all the time.

Har haftada taxminan bitta til
yoʻqolib ketmoqda.

Har haftada taxminan bitta til

yoʻqolib ketmoqda.

We're losing about one language a week,

Har haftada taxminan bitta til
yoʻqolib ketmoqda.

Har haftada taxminan bitta til

yoʻqolib ketmoqda.

and by some estimates,

Har haftada taxminan bitta til
yoʻqolib ketmoqda.

and by some estimates,

and by some estimates,

Baʼzi taxminlarga koʻra esa,

half of the world's languages

will be gone in the next hundred years.
kelasi 100 yil ichida mavjud tillarning
yarmi yoʻq boʻladi.

And the even worse news is that right now,

Bundan ham ayanchlisi –

almost everything we know about

the human mind and human brain
biz inson miyasi va onggi haqida
bilganlarimizning hammasi

is based on studies of usually American

English-speaking undergraduates
odatda ingliz tilida soʻzlashuvchi
universitet bitiruvchilarining

at universities.

tadqiqotlaridan olingan.

That excludes almost all humans. Right?

Aksariyat aholi buning ichiga kirmaydi,
shundaymi?

So what we know about the human mind

is actually incredibly narrow and biased,
Qisqacha qilib aytganda,inson onggiga oid
barcha bilimlar juda tor va xurofotga boy.

and our science has to do better.

Bu sohada hali koʻp ishlar
qilinishi kerak.

Soʼzimni shu yakuniy fikrlar

bilan tugatmoqchiman.

I want to leave you

with this final thought.
Soʼzimni shu yakuniy fikrlar
bilan tugatmoqchiman.

I've told you about how speakers

of different languages think differently,
Turli tilda soʻzlashuvchilar turlicha
fikrlashlari haqida aytib oʻtgandim.

but of course, that's not about

how people elsewhere think.
Biroq masala boshqalar qanday
fikrlashida emas,

It's about how you think.

siz qanday fikrlashingizda.

It's how the language that you speak

shapes the way that you think.
Gap siz ishlatadigan til fikrlashingizga
qanday taʼsir koʻrsatayotganida.

And that gives you the opportunity to ask,

Shunda quyidagi savollarga
oʻrin tugʻiladi:

"Why do I think the way that I do?"

"Nega aynan shunday fikrlayabman?"

"Why do I think the way that I do?"

"Why do I think the way that I do?"

"Nima qilsam
boshqacha fikrlaydigan boʻlaman?"

"Nima qilsam

boshqacha fikrlaydigan boʻlaman?"

"How could I think differently?"

"Nima qilsam
boshqacha fikrlaydigan boʻlaman?"

"Nima qilsam

boshqacha fikrlaydigan boʻlaman?"

And also,

Ha, yana

"What thoughts do I wish to create?"

"Qanday fikrlashni xohlar edim?"

Eʼtiboringiz uchun katta rahmat.

Thank you very much.

Eʼtiboringiz uchun katta rahmat.

(Applause)

(Qarsaklar)