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Buddhism: A Virtues Approach (New York: Routledge, 2008); Lisa Kemmerer and Anthony J. Nocella II
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Lantern, 2011), esp. 15–103; Lisa Kemmerer, Animals and World Religions (Oxford: Oxford University
Press,  2012),  esp.  56–126;  Irina  Aristarkhova,  ‘Thou  Shall  Not  Harm  All  Living  Beings:  Feminism,
Jainism  and  Animals’,  Hypatia  27:3  (2012),  636–50;  Eva  de  Clercq,  ‘Karman  and  Compassion:
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31
. Naveh, ‘Changes in the Perception of Animals and Plants’, 11.
3
The Human Spark
1
.      ‘Evolution,  Creationism,  Intelligent  Design’,  Gallup,  accessed  20  December  2014,

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http://www.gallup.com/poll/21814/evolution-creationism-intelligent-design.aspx; Frank Newport, ‘In US,
46  per  cent  Hold  Creationist  View  of  Human  Origins’,  Gallup,  1  June  2012,  accessed  21  December
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. Gregg, Are Dolphins Really Smart?, 82–3.
3
.      Stanislas  Dehaene,  Consciousness  and  the  Brain:  Deciphering  How  the  Brain  Codes  Our  Thoughts
(New York: Viking, 2014); Steven Pinker, How the Mind Works (New York: W. W. Norton, 1997).
4
. Dehaene, Consciousness and the Brain.
5
. Pundits may point to Gödel’s incompleteness theorem, according to which no system of mathematical
axioms  can  prove  all  arithmetic  truths.  There  will  always  be  some  true  statements  that  cannot  be
proven  within  the  system.  In  popular  literature  this  theorem  is  sometimes  hijacked  to  account  for  the
existence of mind. Allegedly, minds are needed to deal with such unprovable truths. However, it is far
from obvious why living beings need to engage with such arcane mathematical truths in order to survive
and reproduce. In fact, the vast majority of our conscious decisions do not involve such issues at all.
6
.      Christopher  Steiner,  Automate  This:  How  Algorithms  Came  to  Rule  Our  World  (New  York:  Penguin,
2012), 215; Tom Vanderbilt, ‘Let the Robot Drive: The Autonomous Car of the Future is Here’, Wired,
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January
2012,
accessed
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December
2014,
http://www.wired.com/2012/01/ff_autonomouscars/all/; Chris Urmson, ‘The Self-Driving Car Logs More
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http://googleblog.blogspot.hu/2012/08/the-self-driving-car-logs-more-miles-on.html;  Matt  Richtel  and
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September
2015,
accessed
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September
2015,
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/02/technology/personaltech/google-says-its-not-the-driverless-cars-
fault-its-other-drivers.html?_r=1.
7
. Dehaene, Consciousness and the Brain.
8
. Ibid., ch. 7.
9
.      ‘The  Cambridge  Declaration  on  Consciousness’,  7  July  2012,  accessed  21  December  2014,
https://web.archive.org/web/20131109230457/http://fcmconference.org/img/CambridgeDeclarationOnConsciousness.pdf.
10
.    John  F.  Cyran,  Rita  J.  Valentino  and  Irwin  Lucki,  ‘Assessing  Substrates  Underlying  the  Behavioral
Effects  of  Antidepressants  Using  the  Modified  Rat  Forced  Swimming  Test’,  Neuroscience  and
Behavioral Reviews 29:4–5 (2005), 569–74; Benoit Petit-Demoulière, Frank Chenu and Michel Bourin,
‘Forced  Swimming  Test  in  Mice:  A  Review  of  Antidepressant  Activity’,  Psychopharmacology  177:3
(2005), 245–55; Leda S. B. Garcia et al., ‘Acute Administration of Ketamine Induces Antidepressant-
like  Effects  in  the  Forced  Swimming  Test  and  Increases  BDNF  Levels  in  the  Rat  Hippocampus’,