History of development of fine arts in uzbekistan

HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT OF FINE ARTS IN UZBEKISTAN
Annotation: This article provides information on the history and stages of development of art and fine arts in Uzbekistan. It also provides detailed information about the development of the fine arts and their creators.

Keywords: fine arts, color, stages of development, period of development, types of art, class society, creative, works of art.
Art appeared in ancient times, as a result of the development of the labor process, in the process of labor the human mind has matured, the sense of beauty has increased, the notion of beauty in reality has expanded. With the emergence of a class society, great changes took place in social development. Mental labor began to separate from physical labor, which played an important role in the development of science and art. Professional art and artists appeared during this period. Art, on the other hand, has become a powerful ideological tool for propagating the ideology of the ruling class, demonstrating its originality and class. Nevertheless, the talented artists who grew up among the masses have created works that express the aspirations of the working people, their notions of beauty and selfishness, nobility and humanity. The life, behavior and customs, achievements and defeats of the people are reflected in their works. Such art, which existed in every age, depicted the beauties of life, developed in people high qualities and virtues, encouraged them to strive for a bright future of equality, freedom, brotherhood.

Indeed, the cultural values created by mankind are not just ordinary riches, but also a reflection of human intelligence, ideas about life, teaching the history of world art, understanding the laws of its development. , acquaintance with rare monuments, study of feelings, life experiences of people of the past means knowledge of formation of ideological and aesthetic views. Undoubtedly, it helps people to enrich their life experiences, to take a broader and more comprehensive approach to life. Types of fine arts include painting, architecture, graphics, sculpture.

In the 19th century, the fine arts, miniatures of Tashkent, Samarkand, Bukhara and Kokand appeared in Central Asia. It is known that Ahmad Donish (1827-1897), a 19th century enlightener, poet, philosopher, orator, and astronomer, was also an artist. His surviving paintings include a miniature of Abduqadir Bedil's "Four Elements" manuscript, The Poet and the Artist, and a satirical miniature depicting a city guard. The miniatures he draws are perfected with finished paintings, substituted paints, clear contour lines, and his graphic design. Ahmad Khaliq Mahmud, a student of Ahmad Donish, is also known as an artist who skillfully depicts insects and flowers.

Tokhta Sodiq Khojayev from Tashkent created sculptures of horses and deer with his own hands, without any sculptural tools and cuts, carved in simple pencil. The fact that it was exhibited at the Turkestan Exhibition as early as 1886 testifies to the desire of the peoples of Central Asia to depict the being in an artistic way. The exhibition also featured models of houses made by Tashkent artisans: a two-storey European-style house made of plaster and two Uzbek houses with impeccable craftsmanship.

In 1915, the Tashkent lithography published the epic epic "Son of the Gorge" with illustrations by the artist Sirojiddin Makhsum Siddiqi. He is the only Uzbek artist whose work was associated with publishing in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In the 70s and early XX centuries, the fine arts of Turkestan included works by Russian artists, mainly students of the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts. Their work reflects the history of Central Asia and its period, nature and way of life.

VV Vereshchagin was the first and most influential artist who reflected the life and everyday life of Turkestan in his work. His paintings on the theme of Turkestan have truly explored the country for many countries and peoples. In the Turkestan series, the artist depicts the cultural and everyday life of the country in his holistic and multifaceted paintings, which are imbued with the spirit of humanity. In a number of his works, he demonstrated a high level of construction culture and the amazing decorative skills of Central Asian architects and folk craftsmen.

In the early twentieth century, the emergence of teachers and artists teaching painting in secondary schools in Turkestan marked the beginning of the first buds of fine arts and fine literacy in the country. This helped to create an artistic environment in Turkestan.

Famous Tashkent landscape painter Sergei Petrovich Yudin (1858-1933) led the Railway Workers' Theater Circle and also painted decorations for amateur theaters in Tashkent. He came to Tashkent in 1902 after graduating from the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts. S.Yudin is a master of solar pleural etudes. The traditional landscape has gained immense popularity with landscape paintings drawn in the style of color imagery. In S.Yudin's "Winter Evening" created in 1910, one can feel the artist's direct live communication with nature and his great skill in depicting a clear future. Its mountain and valley landscapes are a vivid and vivid reflection of the vastness of space, the play of light and shadow.

Leonard Leonardovich Bure (1887-1943) from Samarkand was interested in color from an early age. In 1904 he moved to Moscow, where he studied painting, and then continued his studies at the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg. After graduating, he returned to his homeland and taught at the Samarkand Art School for the rest of his life.

Bure was limited to drawing etudes from nature in landscape color. Its architectural landscapes were characterized by the authenticity of the colors and the delicate feel of the colors. Bure tried not to fall into a stereotype when choosing a point of view for an architectural monument, always looking for new sides. The collection includes three architectural landscapes: Labihovuz (1907), Madrasa Yard (1910) and Samarkand (1929), which were taken to the gallery last year and painted by the artist in his favorite cities - Bukhara and Samarkand.

The life and work of Alexander Volkov (1886-1957), one of the most famous painters, painters and poets in Uzbekistan, was connected with Fergana. People's Artist of Uzbekistan was born in Fergana, studied at the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts, taught at the Art College in Tashkent. Although Volkov followed the traditions of Russian artists, he also learned from the experience of French Cubists. He lived with the idea of finding his own style in color. Volkov sought to combine the unique color structure, the unique rhythms and colors of the East with the methods of the Paris School of the first quarter of the twentieth century.

Volkov's social status from 1916 to 1928 shows that the themes of his paintings included teahouses, caravans of camels, the old city, and so on. He portrayed these themes and subjects in the direction of Cubism and Expressionism. The painting "Pomegranate Tea House" in the Tretyakov Gallery was painted in 1924, when he became interested in Cubism. The film was shown in Paris in 1968 and was widely broadcast on French television, causing a great deal of controversy in the Parisian press. The painting "Autumn Landscape" kept in the bank's collection was painted in the Impressionist style in 1931, in which the color and light were intricately changed with great skill.

The artist Alexander Vladimirovich Nikolayev, who entered the history of fine arts of Uzbekistan under the name of Usto Momin (1897-1957), also fell in love with the ancient culture of Central Asia, the rich folk art. Usto Momin, a student of K. Malevich, came to Samarkand in 1921. He was fascinated by the magnificent architectural monuments, colorful clothes and jewelry. As Master Momin studied the culture of the region, he studied with great interest not only the art of folk masters, but also the heritage of classical miniatures of Central Asia. In 1925 he moved to Tashkent. The great master of graphics and color, a highly talented artist, immersed in the folk, national culture of Uzbekistan, the unique and rich patterns of Central Asia, in his work he created Italian and Russian artistic traditions in Uzbek art. sought to reconcile with their pineapples a whole integral pineapple. The bank's collection includes a graphic painting "The Embroidered Girl" painted in 1930. The artist Maxim Yevstafyevich Novikov (1886-1982) is close to S. Yudin in his creative work. He graduated from the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg. Novikov entered the history of Uzbek fine arts as a landscape lyricist and storyteller. The author's two paintings - "Canal Construction" and "Tent City" are included in the collection, which tell us about the construction of the Greater Fergana Canal.

Graphic art began to develop in Uzbekistan with the widespread use of printing and book publishing. In the twenties, L. Bure, M. Kurzin, V. Rozhdestvensky, A. Volkov, Usto-Momin (A. Nikolayev), V. Eremyan were active in the field of satirical graphics of posters and magazines. Mikhail Ivanovich Kurzin (1888-1957) was a complex and interesting phenomenon in the color and graphics of Uzbekistan in the twenties and thirties. He came to the Republic in 1923 and settled in Tashkent. He received vocational training at the Kazan and Moscow schools of painting, sculpture and architecture. When Kurzin arrived in Tashkent, he became actively involved in the city's artistic life, working as a set designer in a theater, collaborating with a newspaper, and teaching in an art studio.

In 1924, the name of Ural Tansikbaev (1904-1974) first appeared in the Uzbek press. A reviewer of the newspaper spoke about the club's exhibition and the unique talent of the young worker O. Tansikbaev. According to the article, Tansikbaev's works reflect the national way of life, the nature of Turkestan and a great artistic ingenuity. He carefully, with a keen eye for the work, describes the rural way of life with its details and peculiarities, the grasslands, their caravans with their owners, and the views of the mountains and valleys. Tansiqbaev's early works were mostly drawn on charcoal and pencil.

He received his vocational education first in Tashkent and then at the Penza Art School. The master of epic landscape Ural Tansikbaev constantly strived for perfection, and from the beginning of his career, nature became a source of inspiration. In landscape etudes and compositions, he sought to achieve expressive simplicity and such a sequence of colors, which would have combined the subtlety of landscape tones deeper and brighter. That's why critics have called him the "head of the Uzbek colorists." At that time, A. Volkov and O. Tansikbaev were closer to S. Yudin's student Nikolai Georgevich Karakhan (1900-1970).

N. Karakhan fell in love with the nature of mountainous Uzbekistan. In his etudes and paintings, he illuminated subjects related to the seasonal field work of rural workers, reflecting the sounds of spring and autumn, morning and evening. In it, he combined the genre with a plein air in a single color image. He was able to master the art of sunbathing. A portrait of a technical school student by Shamsiroy Hasanova (1917-1956), a student of A. Volkov and one of the first female artists, is on display. Hasanova was very interested in her historical past, the life and work of great figures of science and culture, her contemporaries. He made a significant contribution to the development of historical portraiture in Uzbekistan.

Our Motherland of Uzbekistan has provided wonderful talented artists and sculptors. Among them are Iskandar Ikramov, Chingiz Ahmarov, Malik Nabiev, Mannon Saidov, Damir Ruzibaev, Ilhom Jabborov, Javlon Umarbekov, Bahodir Jalolov, Alisher Mirzaev, Akmal Ikromjanov, Nemat Uakimov, Osimkhon Vosikhanov, Temur Sadullaev, o. Ofur Abdurahmanovs have a special position. People's Artist of Uzbekistan Alisher Mirzaev respects the traditions of our people, the rich and rich heritage of fine arts of the past. The artist is able to deeply analyze the psychological experiences of his people. In the bosom of Mother Nature, the artist was able to depict Uzbek traditions, weddings, impeccable Uzbek children, lobar girls, and mothers. In particular, dozens of works such as the triptych "Tashkent - the city of peace and friendship", "Child in the room", "Expectation", "Song about a young family" were created in watercolor. In general, the artist does not ignore the changes in nature and society. The artist is so passionate about painting that the secrets of his beauty lead people to goodness. Today, the artist's works are not only respected by our people, but also known and popular in many foreign countries. Bahodir Jalolov is also a People's Artist of Uzbekistan and one of the most talented artists who has made a significant contribution to the development of modern painting. B.Jalolov continued his studies in fine arts, and later learned the secrets of fine arts from Ch.Ahmarov, R.Choriev, EPMelnikov, B.D.Korolyov. For this reason, the high skill in his portraits is clearly visible. The harmony of emotions in his work fascinates the audience. He achieved a lot in portraiture. His full-fledged works reflect the image of the beloved children of the Uzbek people. He creates a large series of portraits, which include images of academics, artists and other celebrities. In the works of B. Jalolov the mysteries of the world are interpreted differently. Examples include The Legend of Rose and Basil, The Call, The Bird of Happiness, The Eternal and Young India, and The Madonna of the 21st Century. The monumental painting on the wall of the Museum of History of the Peoples of Uzbekistan, dedicated to the history of independent Uzbekistan, can attract the attention of any spectator with its powerful depiction of serious and meaningful historical evidence. Towels the viewer is once again convinced that the Uzbek people, with its rich pages of history, are great and powerful. Jalolov's work is valuable in this regard. Modern aspects of sculpture in our country can be clearly seen in the work of artist Damir Rozibaev. Originally engaged in painting and graphics, D. Rozibaev entered the world of sculpture in the 60s. The uniqueness of shapes and sizes in the artist's work can be seen in the natural depiction of movements, as well as in the variety and breadth of the themes he chooses. In several of his sculptures we come across works that reflect the cultural life of our people and the image of intellectuals. He also creates in the portrait genre. The portraits of art historian R. Toktash, the portraits of the artist V. Savitsky and Saida are fully reflected in the portraits of our contemporaries. D. Rozibaev is going through a big school of sculpture. His research is rich in colorful styles. We can see this through the emergence of the art of color sculpture in the artist’s work. Rozibaev can make their magical world even more miraculous by painting the shapes and sizes in his sculptures. Unsatisfied, the artist complements the color of the story in the fabric.

Another important aspect of Rozibaev's research is to interpret future problems. With a high spirit, the artist studies music and paintings and strives to incorporate them into his sculptures. Another of the great qualities of the sculptor is that his works are rich in emotional content. It is through this content that he seeks to express human spirituality more and more fully. The history of fine arts of Uzbekistan is an integral part of the history of world fine arts. Uzbek art has a rich heritage. Today, our artists and sculptors are known all over the world. And our decorative-applied art has been entertaining people since ancient times. The work of our masters has a reputation not only in independent Uzbekistan, but also in other countries.

REFERENCES

1. Abdullaev N.U. "History of Art" Topic 1, Tashkent, Teacher, 1986 (Pages 5-19)

2. Abdiev VI "History of the Ancient East", Tashkent, 1965 (pages 4-18)

3. Pugachenkova GA., Rempel L. I. "History of art in Uzbekistan", Tashkent 1984. (Pages 7-14)

4. Aydinov N. Excerpts from the history of fine arts. Tashkent, Teacher 1997

5. www.natlib.uz