Handbuch der orientalistik section eight central asia

*proktro(rV) > *pokta, *s6mo > *som-, *lok'o > *\oxa, *6tr6(rV) > *utu~.

b) *kokrb > *kuk-pun, *sokro > *suK-, *solo > *sula-r *tr6ro(-krV) > *turdki.
A similar split is, as usual, observed in Mongolian:

a) *bojlo > *bolgu-ya-, *borso-kV > *borki, *kokrb > *kokir, *kbmpo > *kombo-,

*p'oktro(-rV) > *hogtorgui, *$okro > *sogug, *somo > *comu-

b) *mojno > ^mundaya, *monrjo > *mun-r *$6lo > *sula-, *foro(-krV) >

*tufagu.

Other languages have quite uniform reflexes: *o in Turkic, *a in Ko­rean.

2.4.5. PA *u

PTM *o/u - PJ *a

The correspondence is quite similar to PTM *o/u : PJ *a < PA *CoCa, see above. However, we reconstruct *CuCa in cases when Turkic has the reflex *u, not *o:

PA	PTM	PT	PM	PJ	PK
*buga	*bugar	*bug	*baya-gi-	*bak-
*buka	*boKi-	*bukagu	*bugu-	*bakii
*bula	*bolga-	*bul-	*bala-	*basura-

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PA	PTM	PT	PM	PJ	PK
*cura	*^ur-	Mur-		*tat-	*cari
*kura(mV)	*kor-	^Kur-	*kor-	*katarna
rkumba(ka)	*komba	*Kumgan	*kombuga	*kama
*kuria		*Kuriak	*kujag	*kami
*kutca	*kuturi	*Kut	*kutug	*kantua
*kula	*xolda-	*Kul	*kolta-	*kasa
*muria	*mun-di-	*buriur-	*mana-	*mamuar-	*morii-, *mariar
*mura	*murV-	*bura-	*murui	*mare	*muri i
*muria(kV)	*mori(i)ka	*burigak	*manaka
*prusa	*puse	*us	*hasayu-	*pansu	(•pa-)
*tiga	*ug-	*ugut	*(h)aYag	*akii
*ut'a		*ut-	*ucira-	*ata-

It is important to notice that both Mongolian and Korean seem to have some *-a-reflexes here (which they do not show in the *CoCa type, see above). This allows us to classify several other cases as reflecting PA *CuCa, even though Turkic may have *-o- there (this is usually in the vicinity of labials, where *o and *u are extensively confused in "Turkic as well):

PA	PTM	PT	PM	PJ	PK
*buda	*boda-	*bodu-			*pet
*cfupa	*cub-ri-	*cubar	*cabidar
*gusa	*gosi-		*gasi-yun
*kuja	*kujukl		*kajil-		*keju
*kuja	*kuju-kta			*kaja	*kai'6m
*kukata	*koKalta		*kagda	*kakato
*kuma	*kumu-n	*Komuf			*kaminko
*guna	*gun-	*Kun-	*gani-
*k'ula	*xol-sa		*kalimu	*kara-
*kulaprV	*kolopo-kta			*kasipa	*karap
*k'usa	*xusikta		*kusi	*kasi	*kasi
*luna	*lon-sa		*nagaj	*na-i	*nerj'uri
*mugda	*mugdl	*bodun	^mu^i	*mati	*mat(h)
*mula	*mul-	*bulan	*maral
*munna	*mun-	*bunar	*marj-		*mah
*muga	*mogdi		*maj-	*maki
*riugria	*riunriakl	*jugak		*narii
*puk'a	*puken	*bokak	*bakawu

116 INTRODUCTION

PA	PTM	PT	PM	PJ	PK
*pusa	*puski		*busu-	*pasi	*pask
*suda		*sud-	*sadara-
*tuna	*dorjota	*dorj	*dayara-
*t'uja	*tuju-	*toj	*tayu-
*nura	*nora-		*norum	*naramp-	*nar-

In many cases, however, the type *CuCa is very difficult to distin­guish from *CoCa, basically because the TM and Jpn. evidence is the same for both types.

PTM *o/u : PJ *ua

This is a very specific type of correspondence and the only one where PJ reveals a diphthong (in numerous other cases the PJ diphthongs *ua, *ia, *ai go back to contractions after the disappearance of some intervo­calic consonant). It must be said that Turkic regularly has *u here, while Mongolian, too, may have *ii or *6, and Korean *i: this all points to an original front vowel in the second syllable. Therefore we may choose here between reconstructing PA *CuCe or *CuCi. However, *CuCi must be reconstructed for the type PTM *u : PJ *u (with front re­flexes in Turkic and Mongolian, see below), since the Japanese reflex there is quite parallel to that of *CoCi (see above). Therefore it is most probable that we are dealing here with a specific Japanese development of *CuCe (probably through *CudCe). Details of the development of PA *CuCe:

1. TM, as usual, has variation of *o and *u, although *u is encountered

more frequently:

*diile > *dolba; *kup'e > *kopu-, *luke > *loka-r *mur}le > *mor)la, *mukre > *mok-, *puse > *pos-r *priiske > *poske-, *pruge > *pog-, *$ujbe > *$oba-, *kure > *kora-, *uge > *oksari, * title > *dola

*bilte > *butu-; *burje > *buni-; *gujre > *gu^ej; *kube > *kub-f *kuk'e > *kuKu-; *kumle > *ku(l)maka; *kune > *kunl-kta; *kurje > *kurj-; *krude > *xuda, *luge > *luksi, *mube > *mub(up)-, *muce > *muci-kta, *mukre > *muK-, *nuk'e > *nuK-, *nure > *nur-, *rjuje > *r}Qjelse, *ure > *uri, *pcune
*pun~, *pune > *punr]e-, *pruje > *puju-, *prujme > *pume-, *pune > *pune-, *priir)ke > *pur)k(u)-r *sukre > *suK-f *sume > *sumu-, *tcube > *tuba, *t'uge > *tuge-, Yule(kV) > *tulge, *iice > *uc-, *uk'e > *(x)uKu-, *ulpe > *ulgu-ki, *ur}tre > *(x)unda-, *urje > *ut]-, *ukre > *(x)uKu-, *triir)e

*tui]ke, *unrje > *(x)ut](ia)-.

2. Turkic usually has *u, but occasionally also *6:

CHAPTER TWO

117

a) *biite > *but~, *gujfe > *gufel, *gure > *Kurul, *kube > *gub-, *kude >
*gude-, *kiimle > *Kulmuf, *kune > *gune (but also *guna), *kune >
*guni, *k'ude > *kiidug, *luge > *jiigen, *luke > *jukiin-t *mune > *bun,
*mur)le > *bur}ui, *pure > *bur, *pune > *bun, *p'uje > *u]uk, *$ukre >
*suksiik, *$ume > *sum~, *truge > *tuge~, *truije > *tur}-, *tfule(kV) > *tulki,
*ucre > *ucun, *ulpe > *ul, *ut)e > *ui)-, *unrje > *un, *kure > *Kure~, *uge

> *iigi

b) *bur}e > *borjre~, *kurje > *gojr]-il, *krune > *kon-, *r)iije > *ojek, *ure > *or
( ~ *iir), *puse > *bos-, *p'ur}ke > *'6rj (but also *orf), *ukre > *6kte.

Back *u is attested only in one case: *$iijbe > PT *jub-ka.

3. Mongolian can have any labialized vowel, just as in the type *CoCe:

a) *bujre > *buruyu, *gure > *guril, *kude > *kuda, *k'ude > *kuda-ldu, *luke >

*nugu-f *mukre > *muku-, *mune > *mun-du~, *pune > *hunu~, *p'uje > *hujil-, *p'itge > *(h)ug- (but also *(h)ug-), *sukce > *sukaj, *sume > *sumun, *triige > *tuji~, *ucre > *ucir, *ukfe > *(h)ukaya, *unrje > *ut]-si-f *kure > *kur(u)-, *uge > *uyuli, *ubre > *(h)uwr, * title > *du\

*bute > *bodu(ya), *tujpe > *dobu (but also *dobe), *gujfe > *goju, *luge > *logtu, *pure > *bor-, *prur)ke > *(h)or)gu-, *sure > *sori~, *trube > *tojigun, *ulpe > *olbo, *urjtre > *(h)ona-, *urje > *or}gi, *%ujbe > *3oba-, *trur]e > *toyuna, *ure > *orai

*bur)e > *bur)si-f *dule > *duli-, *mube > *miijide, *prune > *hunir, *puhe >

*hu-su, *ukre > *(h)uki

d) *kube > *kow- (but also *kuw-), *kup'e > *kdbii-, *muc'e > *mocir, *mukre >
*m'6k-r *nukre > *nogci-, *nure > *nor-, *nuje > *3dye-f *r}uje > *6jekeji,
*punte> *hotun, *peiiske> *(h)oskil-, *sume> *somu-su\

4. Korean can have here *o (pointing to an original labialized vowel),

but *a/*a reflexes are also rather frequent, which links together the Korean and Japanese (see below) reflexes of *CuCe. It is worth not­ing that *-u- is very rare (but cf. *$iijbe > *cubir-).

*bujre > *oi-, *gujfe > *kb'i-, *kukre > *kdki, *mukre > *moka-, *pune > *pdm-nor~, *ubre > *6rh~, *ut]e > *drj-tdr}~ (but also *ut]-tdrj-).

*kurje > *ka'6n-tai, *kupfe > *kapai-, *nure > *narho-, *punte > *panto, *sukre > *sak-, *sume > *sam, *trube > *tabaki, *ucre > *ach.

*kune > *kdnui, *pfurjkre > *pdrjkir~, *puge > *pdhi~, *ut]tre > *drjtdrj'i, *jiljbe

> *jdbii-, *mube > *mdbi- (but also *mtbi-), *sure > *sdr-.

5. Japanese normally has *-ua-, but *-a- after labials:

a) *dule > *dua, *gujre > *kua-p~, *gure > *kua, *kube > *kuampd-, *kukre > *kuaku-mi, *kumle > *kudma, *kune > *kuanami, *luke > *nuaki ( ~ -e-), *nukee > *nuanka-, *nure > *nuarua- ( - -a-), *sume > *suar *sume > *suama, *siire > *suarasif *trube > *tudmpi ( ~ -a-), *fule(kV) > *tuara, *3ujbe > *dudwa-, *krure > *kua, *t'urje > *tua;

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INTRODUCTION

b) *bujre > *bard-, *bute > *pdtdkai, *bur)e > *bamia-, *mube > *mdpi-rd(n)ka~, *muce > *mdtii, *mukre > *mdk-, *mune > *mdntu-, *muijie > *masu-, *mukre > *mankurua, *prune > *pdnd, *pure > *pd, *puse > *pansa-, *pune > *pana-, *p'une > *pdnai, *priirjke > *pdnkd~, *pruske > *pansik~, *piige > *pank-.

A special situation ariseis when the first consonant is absent or dropped in PJ. In such a case early PJ must have had a regular reflex *uaC- > OJ uoC-; but since the diphthong -uo- in OJ can only occur after consonants, it is regularly replaced by wo-. In fact we are not able to distinguish PJ *foC- < PA *bVCV from PJ *uaC- < PA *uCe:

*r)uje > PJ *bb - *ua (OJ too), *ure > PJ *bdtd ~ *uatd (OJ woto-), *uk'e > PJ *bdka - *udka (OJ woka), *ulpe > PJ *bdsa - *uasua (OJ woso), *ubre > PJ *bdtu ~ *uatu (OJ wotu), *uk'e > PJ *bdkd ~ *uakd (OJ woko).

Note that in several cases OJ has variation wo- / u- here (woso ~ uso, wotu ~ utu, woko ~ uko).

PTM *u : PJ *u

This correspondence points to PA *CuCi in cases when Turkic and/or Mongolian have front reflexes, indicating a front second vowel. Details of *CuCi reflexation:

1. TM has the usual split into *o and *u, although *u is a more frequent

reflex:

a) *gurgi > *gorgakta, *guri > *gora, *guri > *gori-, *kuri > *kori, *kruli > *xol~,

*pruk}i > *pogjV, *sujli > *sol-gi, *tilldi > *ddldi~, *tuti > *dodo-ka(n), *trumi > *toma, *zunti > *son-da-

b) *buli > *bul-, *cruli > *culbi-, *dui'i > *dur-, *duli > *dulbu-, *guci > *gusi,
*giiri > *gure~, *guli > *gule, *guldi > *gulde-f *kur)i > *kur\d, *kutri >