Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering



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Photovoltaic science and engineering (1)

I
=
0
.
9
×
I
SC
in the second term.
The calculation of the maximum power can, in principle, be carried out by consid-
ering that the power is given by the product
P
=
VI
. The values of
I
M
and
V
M
, defining
the maximum-power operation point, can be obtained from the usual condition for a
maximum, d
P /
d
V
=
0. However, the implicit nature of the resulting expression makes
it very cumbersome to use. It would be better to look for a simpler method, based on
the existing relationship between the fill factor and the open-circuit voltage. According
to M.A. Green [54] an empirical expression describing this relation is
FF
=
V
M
I
M
V
OC
I
SC
=
P
M
V
OC
I
SC
=
FF
0
(
1

r
s
)
(
20
.
63
)
where
FF
0
=
v
OC

ln
(v
OC
+
0
.
72
)
v
OC
+
1
(
20
.
64
)
and
v
OC
=
V
OC
/V
t
and
r
s
=
R
S
/(V
OC
/I
SC
)
are defined as the normalised voltage and the
normalised resistance, respectively. It is interesting to note that the series resistance at
STC can be deduced from the manufacturer’s data by the expression
R
S
=
1

FF
FF
0
V
OC
I
SC
(
20
.
65
)
The values of
V
M
and
I
M
are in turn given by [55]
V
M
V
OC
=
1

b
v
OC
ln
a

r
s
(
1

a

b
)
and
I
M
I
SC
=
1

a

b
(
20
.
66
)
where:
a
=
v
OC
+
1

2
v
OC
r
s
and
b
=
a
1
+
a
(
20
.
67
)
This set of expressions is valid for
v
OC
>
15 and
r
s
<
0
.
4. The typical accuracy is better
than 1%. Their application to a photovoltaic generator is immediate, if all their cells
are supposed to be identical, and if the voltage drops in the conductors connecting the
modules are negligible.
Now, for the prediction of the
I

V
curve of a PV generator operating on arbitrary
conditions of irradiance and temperature, a good balance between simplicity and exactness
is obtained through the following additional assumptions.


PV GENERATOR BEHAVIOUR UNDER REAL OPERATION CONDITIONS
951

The short-circuit current of a solar cell depends exclusively and linearly on the irradi-
ance. That is,

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