Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering


r . In a real cell, the energy flow j



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Photovoltaic science and engineering (1)

r
.
In a real cell, the energy flow
j
e
goes from the high-temperature regions towards
the low-temperature ones [

(
1
/T )

0] so that the term in (4.28) involving
j
e
produces
positive entropy. The electron flow,
j
n
, opposes the gradient of electrochemical potential,
thus also producing positive entropy for constant temperature. However, in the ideal
cell, the lattice temperature, which is also that of the electrons, is constant and the term
involving

(
1
/T )
disappears. Furthermore, in the SQ [2] ideal cell, mobility is infinite
and, therefore, its conduction and valence band electrochemical potentials or quasi-Fermi
levels (
ε
F c
, ε
Fv
) are constant throughout the whole solar cell and their gradients are also
zero. Therefore, all the gradients in equation (4.28) disappear and the electron contribution
to entropy generation,
σ
ele
, is given by
σ
ele
=
i

ele
1
T
a
υ
i

ele

ε
Fc
(v)
T
a
g
i

ele
(
4
.
29
)
The quasi-Fermi level to be used in this case is
ε
Fc
or
ε
Fv
depending on the band to
which the electronic state
i
-ele belongs. This is represented by
ε
Fc
(v)
.
Other interactions may occur in the cell involving other particles besides the elec-
trons and the photons. We shall assume that in these interactions the bodies involved
(labelled as
others
) also have a direction-independent pressure and that they are also at


PHOTOVOLTAIC CONVERTERS
127
the lattice temperature. Furthermore, if these particles exist, they are assumed to have
zero chemical potential (as it is the case, for example, of the phonons). Using these
assumptions, the contribution to the irreversible entropy generation rate from these
other
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