Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering



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Photovoltaic science and engineering (1)

Figure 9.16
Measured (crosses) and modeled (lines) quantum efficiency of a GaInP solar cell.
The contributions from the different layers of the solar cell are labeled and demonstrate how the
emitter dominates the blue response, whereas the base dominates the red response
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Internal quantum ef
ficienc
y
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
Photon energy
[eV]
(a)
S
front 

10

cm/s
L
emitter 

0.5 µm
Thick
window 

25 nm
S
front 

10

cm/s
L
emitter 

0.5 µm
S
front

10
4
cm/s
L
emitter

0.05 µm
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Internal quantum ef
ficienc
y
3.0
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.2
2.0
1.8
Photon energy
[eV]
0.3-µm-thick base
(b)
3-µm
base
S
back 

10
4
cm/s, 
L
base 
= 3 µm
 
S
back 
= 10
7
cm/s, 
L
base 
= 3 µm
 
S
back 
= 10
4
cm/s, 
L
base 
= 1 µm
No AlInP
window
S
front 
=
10
4
cm/s
Figure 9.17
Modeled
QE
of GaInP cell. (a) The solid line, relative to the “no AlInP window”
line, shows the effect of absorption of 25 nm of AlInP. The two lower curves show the degradation
from an increased front-surface recombination velocity (
S
front
) or from a decreased emitter diffusion
length (
L
emitter
). (b) Compares a thin and a thick GaInP cell
thick base layer is more sensitive to the diffusion length in the base, whereas a cell with
a thin base layer is relatively more sensitive to the quality of the back-surface field (see
Figure 9.17(b)).
There are numerous reasons why the
V
OC
or FF may be degraded. Table 9.5 enu-
merates many of these, and Figure 9.18(a) illustrates one example.
Extra junctions are more likely to be problems when working with Ge because III-
V elements dope Ge and Ge dopes the III-V materials. The back of the Ge wafer must be
etched before processing to avoid an extra junction at the back [100]. Accidental junctions
in Ge are often highly shunted, with nearly ohmic
I
-
V
characteristics. In this case, these


FUTURE-GENERATION SOLAR CELLS
403

10

8

6

4

2
0
2
4
Current
[mA]
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Voltage
[V]
“Good”
“Bad”
(a)

8

6

4

2
0
Current
[mA]
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Voltage
[V]
Bottom-cell limited
Top-cell limited
“Bad”
(b)
“Bad” cell shows
high contact resistance
through window layer
“Good”

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