(b) After
processing
Al
Al
Al
Al
Figure 8.27
XRD spectrum of a 2-
µ
m-thick HWCVD Si film, deposited on Al/Cr/glass at about
500
◦
C (a) before optical processing; and (b) after optical processing at
∼
480
◦
C for 3 min. A sig-
nificant increase in Si (220) compared to Si (111) orientation can be seen in (b)
toward a-Si. From this figure, it is clear that 3 min of optical processing time was not
sufficient to crystallize the entire film at 460
◦
C. Figure 8.29(b) is a TEM plan view of
the film showing distribution of grain sizes near the Si–Al interface.
Detailed profiling of Al across the crystallized films, done by SIMS (secondary
ion mass spectroscopy) and micro-X-ray, showed that in optically crystallized films the
Al concentration dropped by several orders of magnitude within about 1
µ
m from the
Al-Si interface [81, 83]. These results indicate that Al is required only for the initiation
of crystallization. After the nucleation, the crystallization front propagates into a-Si while
grain enhancement occurs in the crystallized film. It is believed that vacancy injection
from Al-Si interface is responsible for grain enhancement.
Investigation of the possibility of applying optically assisted MIC showed that
crystallization of a-Si can start at about 200
◦
C in less than 3 min. This crystallization
348
THIN-FILM SILICON SOLAR CELLS
450
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
460
470
480
490
500
510
450
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
460
470
480
490
500
510
Processing temperature
[
°
C]
Processing temperature
[
°
C]
Si(111) intensity
[CPS]
Si(220) intensity
[CPS]
3-
µ
m
3-
µ
m
6-
µ
m
6-
µ
m
10-
µ
m
10-
µ
m
(a)
(b)
Figure 8.28
Intensity of (a) Si (111) and (b) Si (220) peaks in the XRD spectra of processed
samples as functions of processing temperature. A “jump” of peak intensity around 490
◦
C can be
observed for the 10-
µ
m-thick sample
becomes much stronger at temperatures close to 450
◦
C. By controlling the process
conditions, it is possible to confine Al to the vicinity of the Si–Al interface, leaving
the crystallized film (away from the interface) with a low Al concentration. In contrast,
thermally crystallized films have nearly uniform and high concentration of Al. Some films,
thermally processed at higher temperatures, may exhibit lateral nonuniformities because
of segregation into Si-rich and Al-rich phases.
The proposed explanation of the optically assisted, Al-induced crystallization and
grain enhancement of thick samples is as follows:
•
Optical processing generates a nonuniform temperature distribution within the film
structure, especially at the Al-Si interface where energy can be locally absorbed, pro-
ducing a higher temperature spike.
•
In high-temperature (
>
450
◦
C) optical processing, although the monitored film surface
temperature is lower than the eutectic point of an Al-Si system, melting in the local
DESIGN CONCEPTS OF TF-SI SOLAR CELLS
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