Grid reliability, resilience and flexibility system conditions system blackouts

NPPs GRID CONNECTION
The Energy Community Secretariat IAEA Workshop on Power Systems and Markets, 15-07-2021
Impact of the reactor trip on system frequency
Source: IAEA

• POWER FLOW STUDIES (DETERMINISTIC, PROBABILISTIC, OPF, SCOPF): Calculation of voltages (absolute values and angles) at each network node and currents through lines and transformers for specific operational condition.
• (N-1) SECURITY ANALYSES: detection of critical contingencies and network bottlenecks
• (N-k) SECURITY ANALYSES: detection of network vulnerabilities for less probable events
• SHORT-CIRCUIT CALCULATIONS: determination of the highest currents, grid protection
• STABILITY ANALYSIS: Ability of generators to keep synchronicity following large or small disturbances within a power system
• RELIABILITY ANALYSIS: probabilistic estimation of network performance
• OTHER STUDIES: electromagnetic phenomena, harmonics, flickers…

GRID STUDIES
The Energy Community Secretariat IAEA Workshop on Power Systems and Markets, 15-07-2021
Source: Internet
LONG TERM PLANNING
The Energy Community Secretariat IAEA Workshop on Power Systems and Markets, 15-07-2021
NETWORK EXPANSION PLAN BASED ON DIFFERENT ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT FUTURE SITUATION:

• load growth
• generation expansion and decommission
• market activities
• security of supply
• network ageing

PLANNING CRITERIA

• deterministic (N-1, N-k,…)
• probabilistic (ENS, LOLE…)
• technical
• economic (maximum NPV, benefit/cost ratio…)

MODELLING AND SIMULATIONS OF EXPECTED FUTURE OPERATING CONDITIONS

Necessary transmission network reinforcements in Europe (Source: ENTSO-E)
CHALLENGES
The Energy Community Secretariat IAEA Workshop on Power Systems and Markets, 15-07-2021

• To estimate correctly the exact influence of different level of RES integration on system operation, flexibility, resilience, power quality etc.
• Many uncertainties, lack of accurate data
• To find a way to cope with lower system inertia and possibly degraded power quality
• To exactly predict the most vulnerable operation conditions (snapshots) for system operation
• Intermittency of VRES has to be solved by different means and on different time scales
• To predict zones/areas with great potential of RES and to plan the main network reinforcements in advance
• Plans of RES integration still uncertain in many countries
• To construct one HV line: 10 years or even longer
• To predict other influential factors
• EV infrastructure
• Power to X
• Storage facilities…

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