Grammar for ielts writing a handbook by David S. Wills Contents

who
 teaches in the chemistry department is my mentor.
Whom – people as objects or objects of the preposition
 John, 
whom
 I’ve known since primary school, is my closest friend.
The boy of 
whom
 we’re discussing is from Slovakia.
Which, that – things or animals
The computer 
that
 I bought was very cheap.
The dog, 
which
 we adopted, has settled into our family.
Whose – denotes ownership or possession
The girl 
whose
 father is watching from the stands is winning the race.
When – used to show the time (can sometimes be omitted)
I’ll never forget the time 
when
 I first met her.
I’ll never forget the time I first met her.
Clauses

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Where – marks place (can be omitted, but must be replaced by a preposition)
The school 
where
 he teaches is very old.
The school he teaches in is very old.
Why – shows a reason (can also be omitted)
No one knows the reason 
why
 he skips school.
No one knows the reason he skips school.
Essential Clauses
Commas often seem confusing, but they’re really not hard to understand. (See 
the chapter on punctuation to find out more.) When it comes to adjective clauses, 
you need to consider the exact meaning of the sentence before you use a comma. 
Incorrect comma use can change the whole meaning!
Ask yourself if the information in the adjective clause is 
essential
to under-
standing the noun, or if it is just 
extra
information. If it is essential, then we call 
this an