Grammar for ielts fiona Aish & Jo Tomlinson ■L& 11

The planet 
5 5
languagedownload.ir

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Exam tip: 
In the IELTS Listening Part 3 you often need to understand if the speakers 
agree or disagree w ith each other. Past m odals can be used to distract you from the 
correct answ er because they are often about possibility, belief and expectation.
2 
Complete the spaces in the following text using the options in the box.
didn’t have to 
shouldn’t have 
could
might have 
had to 
couldn’t have
LIFE DURING THE ICE AGE
During the Ice Age in Europe, approxim ately 15,000 years ago, the w in te r w eather was 
bleak. However, modern hum ans found ingenious methods fo r managing this extreme
cold. In fact, these humans (1 )________ been the firs t to develop a range of s k ills and
technological advances that are s till w ith us today! Due to the freezing tem peratures,
these hum ans (2 )________ create things that could protect them from the environm ent.
Early Europeans used the skin and bones from w ild anim als to make clothing and shelter.
Thankfully, they (3)________ w orry so much about th e ir food. They (4)_________ k ill th e ir
food effectively as they had developed sophisticated tools. When food was abundant, they 
buried supplies in the perm afrost; an ancient form of deep-freezing. The unfortunate thing 
about th e ir hunting and survival s kills was that they slaughtered many of the anim als to 
extinction. A ll we now have to rem em ber them by is the cave paintings. Perhaps it could be
argued that they (5)________ killed these animals, but we cannot say what we would have
done in the same situation.
Although life (6)________ been easy fo r these people, they managed to survive and
introduce art, language and behaviours that characterize people today; we owe a lot to 
th e ir developments.