Globalization, economic crisis and national strategies for higher education development: research papers; Research papers iiep; 2009



Download 332,58 Kb.
Pdf ko'rish
bet3/14
Sana20.06.2022
Hajmi332,58 Kb.
#678460
1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   ...   14
Bog'liq
186428eng

 Section 2
discusses the increasing demand for higher skills in 
the global labour market. 
Section 3 
analyses the way in which market principles have permeated 
the process of globalization of higher education. 
Section 4
deals with the cross-border mobility 
of institutions, students and teachers in higher education. 
Section 5
discusses the implications 
of the current economic crisis for the globalization and the development of higher education. 
Section 6
deals with national strategies to develop higher education, and the 
fi
nal section draws 
some conclusions from the analysis carried out in the paper. 
International Institute for Educational Planning www.iiep.unesco.org


11
2
Globalization and demand for skilled labour
The knowledge economy is at the centre of development in the current context. Knowledge 
economies have grown faster and many of them have sustained a momentum of growth over 
the past decades. Employment opportunities, too, have expanded globally on two fronts. First, 
there has been an increase in employment in the developed countries where production is more 
knowledge-based. Skill requirements are high and have attracted highly skilled workers from other 
countries. In fact, the migration of highly skilled workers has been encouraged to meet the skill 
requirements of the expanding knowledge economies of the developed countries, led by the USA. 
Second, there has been an increase in domestic employment opportunities in developing countries 
due to the increase in foreign direct investment (FDI) and the growth of private enterprises, including 
fi
rms focussing on outsourcing. 
Let us examine the effect of the increase in employment opportunities in the developed world. 
The skill requirements in the knowledge economy are not only different from that of the traditional 
manufacturing sector, but also the level of skills required and the quali
fi
cations demanded for job 
entry are also high and continuing to rise. Studies show that, in countries such as Canada, nearly 
70 per cent of all new jobs will require a post-secondary level of education (International Labour 
Of
fi
ce – ILO, 2004). 
Many of the knowledge economies have not been in a position to produce the skills required. Even 
countries with the largest network of higher education institutions, such as China, India, and the 
USA, could not produce highly skilled workers in suf
fi
cient quantity to meet their domestic demand 
and the global market demand, especially in the knowledge-intensive segments of the economy. 
This has resulted in competition among the developed countries to attract the best brains from 
other countries, notably from developing countries. This in effect led to a ‘battle for brains’ (Chanda, 
2000) or a ‘global hunt’ for talent (Kapur and McHale, 2005) to maintain the technological edge 
and the economic competitiveness of the host countries. 
Many developed countries changed their visa rules to accommodate skilled and information and 
communication technology (ICT) workers from other countries. For example, the introduction of the 
H-1B visa in the USA has helped attract skilled workers from other countries, and helped the in
fl
ow 
of highly educated Asians. Nearly one million highly skilled workers entered the USA under the H-1B 
visa scheme between 2000 and 2003. The European Union is introducing the ‘Blue Card’ visa to 
attract skilled workers from developing countries. It is also noted that the average quali
fi
cation 
level of the migrant population is higher than that of the indigenous population. For example, while 
9 per cent of all Americans born in the USA possess a university degree (Master’s level), 38 per cent 
of Indians born in the USA possess the same. This shows how the visa rules and immigration 
policies are biased in favour of the highly skilled (Kapur and McHale, 2005). Countries such as 
Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom (UK) have introduced point-based emigration 
policies which give preferential treatment to candidates with higher level quali
fi
cations. 
The second aspect, namely domestic employment opportunities in developing countries, has 
also increased in the context of globalization. Liberalization policies, introduced during the 
structural adjustment period, have helped attract foreign direct investment (FDI) and multinational 
corporations (MNC) to developing countries. Outsourcing became an attractive strategy for large 
International Institute for Educational Planning www.iiep.unesco.org


12
Globalization, economic crisis and national strategies for higher education development
fi
rms in developed countries and it became an avenue for lucrative jobs in some developing 
countries. One of the reasons for the expansion of FDI and outsourcing activities is the intellectual 
environment created by the network of universities and the highly skilled labour pool in bene
fi
ciary 
countries. A very good example of this phenomenon is the emergence and rapid expansion of 
outsourcing 
fi
rms in countries such as China or India.
As can be seen from T

Download 332,58 Kb.

Do'stlaringiz bilan baham:
1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   ...   14




Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©hozir.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling

kiriting | ro'yxatdan o'tish
    Bosh sahifa
юртда тантана
Боғда битган
Бугун юртда
Эшитганлар жилманглар
Эшитмадим деманглар
битган бодомлар
Yangiariq tumani
qitish marakazi
Raqamli texnologiyalar
ilishida muhokamadan
tasdiqqa tavsiya
tavsiya etilgan
iqtisodiyot kafedrasi
steiermarkischen landesregierung
asarlaringizni yuboring
o'zingizning asarlaringizni
Iltimos faqat
faqat o'zingizning
steierm rkischen
landesregierung fachabteilung
rkischen landesregierung
hamshira loyihasi
loyihasi mavsum
faolyatining oqibatlari
asosiy adabiyotlar
fakulteti ahborot
ahborot havfsizligi
havfsizligi kafedrasi
fanidan bo’yicha
fakulteti iqtisodiyot
boshqaruv fakulteti
chiqarishda boshqaruv
ishlab chiqarishda
iqtisodiyot fakultet
multiservis tarmoqlari
fanidan asosiy
Uzbek fanidan
mavzulari potok
asosidagi multiservis
'aliyyil a'ziym
billahil 'aliyyil
illaa billahil
quvvata illaa
falah' deganida
Kompyuter savodxonligi
bo’yicha mustaqil
'alal falah'
Hayya 'alal
'alas soloh
Hayya 'alas
mavsum boyicha


yuklab olish