Global pronunciation american accent

RHYME

Knowing HOW TO RHYME helps the students LEARN WORD ‘FAMILIES’ such as ‘day, may, say...’

RHYMING WORDS have the SAME SOUND ENDINGS. If two words rhyme, they end with the same sound, including a vowel.

-‘cut’ rhymes with ‘but’.

-He, she, we, be, free, key, knee, me, tea...rhyme. The same vowel is /i/

RHYMING WORDS

RHYMING VOWELS	EXAMPLES	RHYMING SOUNDS
/ɔ/	bought	/bɔt/
	taught	/tɔt/
/oʊ/	sold	/soʊld/
	old	/oʊld/
/ɛ/	meant	/mɛnt/
	sent	/sɛnt/
/ɛ/	read	/rɛd/
	said	/sɛd/
/eɪ/	plate	/pleɪt/
	eight	/eɪt/
/eɪ/	May	/meɪ/
	day	/deɪ/
/ɪr/	year	/yɪr/
	dear	/dɪr/
/u/	flew	/flu/
	grew	/gru/
/u/	true	/tru/
	you	/yu/
/ɛr/	care	/kɛr/
	there	/ðɛr/

PHONEMES & ALLOPHONES

The allo-phones are members of a phoneme. A phoneme has got more than one allo-phone. We represent a phoneme with an allo-phone.

SOME EXAMPLES

PHONEMES	ALLOPHONES
/t/	/t/ /θ/
/d/	/d/ /ð/
/n/	/n/ /ŋ/

A PHONEME = THE ALLO-PHONES

The actual pronunciations of a phoneme are allophones.

An allophone is an alternative way of saying a phoneme.

The allophones are variants of the same phoneme.

A phoneme is an abstract unit, you don’t see or hear it in daily speech. The phoneme itself exists only in your mind.

Allophones are pronounced differently, but the meaning doesn’t change.

Allophones belong to the same phoneme.

EXAMPLES

/d/, /ð/ are variants (allophones) of /d/ phoneme.

/n/, /ŋ/ are variants (allophones) of /n/ phoneme.

/t/, /θ/ are variants (allophones) of /t/ phoneme.

/l/ at the beginning, /l/ at the end are allophones.

/w/ is voiceless after voiceless plosives. (twice, quiz)

Pill (aspirated), spill (unaspirated)

RECEIVED (BRITISH) PRONUNCIATION

iː	ɪ	ʊ	uː
e	ə	ɜː	ɔː
æ	ʌ	ɑː	ɒ

TONGUE POSITION

F R O N T	C E N T R A L		B A C K
iː	ɪ	ʊ	uː
e	ə	ɜː	ɔː
æ	ʌ	ɑː	ɒ

HIGH PHONEMES	iː	ɪ	ʊ	uː
MID PHONEMES	e	ə	ɜː	ɔː
LOW PHONEMES	æ	ʌ	ɑː	ɒ

LIPS POSITION

SPREAD	N E U T R A L		ROUNDED
iː	ɪ	ʊ	uː
e	ə	ɜː	ɔː
æ	ʌ	ɑː	ɒ

JAW POSITION

JAW CLOSED	iː	ɪ	ʊ	uː
JAW NEUTRAL	e	ə	ɜː	ɔː
JAW OPEN	æ	ʌ	ɑː	ɒ

NOTE:

JAW = THE LOWER JAW = THE BOTTOM JAW

LESSON VII

BRITISH ACCENT

VERSUS

AMERICAN ACCENT

BRITISH PRONUNCIATION (RECEIVED PRONUNCIATION)
SHORT VOWELS (FULL = STRESSED VOWELS)

	FRONT	BACK
CLOSE	/ɪ/	/ʊ/
MID	/e/	/ʌ/
OPEN	/æ/	/ɒ/

LONG VOWELS (FULL = STRESSED VOWELS)

	FRONT	CENTRAL	BACK
CLOSE	/iː/		/uː/
MID		/ɜː/	/ɔː/
OPEN		/ɑː/

UNSTRESSED VOWELS (REDUCED VOWELS)

/ɪ/

/ə/

/l/

/m/

/n/

BRITISH DIPH-THONGS

	CLOSING /ɪ/ /ʊ/		CENTRING /ə/
STARTING CLOSE			/ɪə/ /ʊə/
STARTING MID	/eɪ/ /ɔɪ/	/əʊ/	/eə/
STARTING OPEN	/aɪ/	/aʊ/

AMERICAN PRONUNCIATION
SHORT VOWELS (FULL = STRESSED VOWELS)

	FRONT	CENTRAL	BACK
CLOSE	/ɪ/		/ʊ/
CLOSE-MID
OPEN-MID	/ɛ/	/ʌ/
OPEN	/æ/

LONG VOWELS (FULL = STRESSED VOWELS)

	FRONT	CENTRAL	BACK
CLOSE	/i/		/u/
CLOSE-MID	/e/		/o/
OPEN-MID		/ɝ/	/ɔ/
OPEN			/ɑ/

UNSTRESSED VOWELS (REDUCED VOWELS)

/ɪ/

/ə/

/l/

/m/

/n/

AMERICAN DIPH-THONGS

	CLOSING /ɪ/ /ʊ/		RETROFLEX /r/
STARTING CLOSE			/ɪr/ /ʊr/
STARTING MID	/eɪ/ /ɔɪ/	/oʊ/	/ɛr/ /ɔr/
STARTING OPEN	/aɪ/	/aʊ/	/ɑr/

MANNER OF ARTICULATION

STOP	p	b	t	d	k	g
AFFRICATE	tʃ	dʒ
FRICATIVE	f	v	θ	ð	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	h
NASAL	m	n	ŋ
APPROXIMANT (CENTRAL)	w	r	j
APPROXIMANT (LATERAL)	l

PLACE OF ARTICULATION

BILABIAL	p	b	m	w
LABIO-DENTAL	f	v
LABIO-VELAR	w (ʍ)
DENTAL	θ	ð
ALVEOLAR	t	d	s	z	n	l
POST-ALVEOLAR	tʃ	dʒ	ʃ	ʒ	r
PALATAL	j
VELAR	k	g	ŋ
GLOT­TAL	h